Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Local Tissue Damage Induced by Snake Venoms: An Overview from Traditional Use to Pharmacological Evidence

Table 4

List of medicinal plants with inhibitory potential against local effects induced by Bitis snakes.

Plant name	Part used	Snake venom	Inhibited activities		Reference(s)
			In vitro	In vivo
Amaranthaceae
Pupalia lappacea	Herbal	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Amaryllidaceae
Crinum jagus	Bulb	B. arietans	—	Myotoxicity	[167]
Anacardiaceae
Lannea acida	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Sclerocarya birrea	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Spondias	Cortex, radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Annonaceae
Annona	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Apocynaceae
Strophanthus speciosus	Radix	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Araliaceae
Polyscias fulva	Cortex	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Bignoniaceae
Kigelia africana	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, SVH	—	[82]
Bixaceae
Cochlospermum tinctorium	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Capparaceae
Capparis tomentosa	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Colchicaceae
Gloriosa	Radix	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Combretaceae
Combretum	Folium	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Guiera senegalensis	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Ebenaceae
Diospyros mespiliformis	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Euphorbiaceae
Alchornea laxiflora	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Fabaceae
Bauhinia thonningii	Cortex, radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Bobgunnia madagascariensis (syn. Swartzia madagascariensis)	Folium, radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Burkea africana	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Dichrostachys cinerea	Folium	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Entada africana	Radix	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Parkia biglobosa	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Stylosanthes erecta	Folium	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Tamarindus	Cortex, folium	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Hypericaceae
Psorospermum corymbiferum	Cortex, radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Hypoxidaceae
Molineria capitulata (syn. Curculigo recurvata)	Folium	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Lamiaceae
Rotheca myricoides (syn. Clerodendrum myricoides)	Cortex	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Teucrium kraussii	Aerial parts, cortex	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Volkameria glabra (syn. Clerodendrum glabrum)	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Lauraceae
Cassytha filiformis	Herbal	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Loganiaceae
Strychnos decussata	Radix	B. arietans	Proteolytic	—	[82]
Strychnos innocua	Folium	B. arietans	Proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Malvaceae
Dombeya quinqueseta	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Grewia mollis	Cortex, folium, radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Sterculia setigera	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, SVH	—	[82]
Waltheria indica	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Menispermaceae
Cissampelos mucronata	Herbal	B. arietans	Proteolytic, PLA2	—	[82]
Moraceae
Ficus platyphylla	Folium	B. arietans	PLA2, SVH	—	[82]
Olacaceae
Ximenia americana	Folium	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Phyllanthaceae
Flueggea virosa (syn. Securinega virosa)	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Primulaceae
Maesa	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Rhamnaceae
Ziziphus mucronata	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Ziziphus spina-christi	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Rubiaceae
Crossopteryx febrifuga	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, SVH	—	[82]
Pentanisia prunelloides	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Pentas zanzibarica	Folium	B. arietans	PLA2	—	[82]
Rutaceae
Zanthoxylum capense	Radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic	—	[82]
Sapindaceae
Paullinia pinnata	Folium, radix	B. arietans	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	—	[82]
Solanaceae
Schwenckia americana	Folium	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]
Verbenaceae
Lantana trifolia	Cortex	B. arietans	PLA2, SVH	—	[82]
Vitaceae
Cissus populnea	Stem	B. arietans	SVH	—	[82]

PLA₂ = snake venom phospholipase A₂; SVH = snake venom hyaluronidase. ^#Vegetal species with related folk use as antiophidic agents, as showed in Table 1. Studies where inhibitory activity was assessed only by preincubation of venom with extract (see Section 4.1 for details).