Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Local Tissue Damage Induced by Snake Venoms: An Overview from Traditional Use to Pharmacological Evidence

Table 5

List of medicinal plants with inhibitory potential against local effects induced by Daboia/Vipera snakes.

Plant name	Part used	Snake venom	Inhibited activities		Reference(s)
			In vitro	In vivo
Anacardiaceae
Anacardium	Bark	D. russelli	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[170]
Mangifera	Stem bark	D. russelii	LAAO, PLA2, SVH, proteolytic	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[171]
Apocynaceae
Hemidesmus	Root	D. russelli	—	Hemorrhage	[172]
Tylophora	Leaf, root	D. russelli	PLA2	Hemorrhage	[85]
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia	Leaf, root	D. russelli	PLA2	Hemorrhage	[85]
Aristolochia	Root	D. russelii	LAAO, proteolytic	—	[173]
Asteraceae
Pluchea	Root	D. russelli	—	Hemorrhage	[172]
Euphorbiaceae
Acalypha	Leaf	D. r. russelli	—	Hemorrhage, necrosis	[174]
Fabaceae
Butea	Stem bark	D. russelii	SVH	Hemorrhage	[175]
Mimosa	Root	D. russelii	Proteolytic, SVH	—	[91]
Tamarindus	Seed	D. r. siamensis, D. russelii	LAAO, PLA2, SVH, proteolytic	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[176, 177]
Lamiaceae
Leucas	Leaf, root	D. russelii	PLA2	Hemorrhage	[85]
Vitex	Root	D. russelii	—	Edema, hemorrhage	[178]
Loganiaceae
Strychnos	Seed	D. russelii	PLA2	Hemorrhage	[95]
Moraceae
Morus	Leaf	D. russelii	Proteolytic, SVH	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[179]
Phyllanthaceae
Phyllanthus emblica (syn. Emblica officinalis)^#	Root	D. russelii	—	Edema, hemorrhage	[178]
Piperaceae
Piper	Fruit	D. russelii	Hemorrhage	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity, necrosis	[104]
Rubiaceae
Ophiorrhiza	Root	D. russelii	Hemorrhage	—	[180]
Salvadoraceae
Azima tetracantha	Leaf	D. russelii	SVH	—	[181]
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera	Seed	D. russelii	Proteolytic, SVH	Edema, hemorrhage, myonecrosis	[182]

LAAO = L-amino acid oxidase; PLA₂ = snake venom phospholipase A₂; SVH = snake venom hyaluronidase. ^#Vegetal species with related folk use as antiophidic agents, as showed in Table 1. Studies where inhibitory activity was assessed only by preincubation of venom with extract (see Section 4.1 for details).