Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Local Tissue Damage Induced by Snake Venoms: An Overview from Traditional Use to Pharmacological Evidence

Table 8

List of medicinal plants with inhibitory potential against local effects induced by other snakes.

Plant name	Part used	Snake venom	Inhibited activities		Reference(s)
			In vitro	In vivo
Amaryllidaceae
Crinum jagus	Bulb	Echis ocellatus	Hemorrhage	Myotoxicity	[167, 191]
Asteraceae
Artemisia absinthium	Aerial parts	Montivipera xanthina	—	Edema	[192]
Mikania laevigata	Leaf	Philodryas olfersii	Inflammation, myotoxicity	—	[193]
Fabaceae
Albizia	Seed	Echis carinatus	Proteolytic, SVH	Hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[194]
Mimosa	Root	Bungarus caeruleus, Echis carinatus	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	Edema	[91, 92]
Parkia biglobosa	Stem bark	Echis ocellatus	Cytotoxicity against muscle cells, hemorrhage	—	[93]
Pentaclethra	Bark	Calloselasma rhodostoma	—	Hemorrhage	[145]
Senna auriculata (syn. Cassia auriculata)	Leaf	Echis carinatus	PLA2, proteolytic, SVH	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[195]
Malvaceae
Hibiscus aethiopicus	Whole plant	Echis carinatus, Echis ocellatus	Cytotoxicity against muscle cells, hemorrhage	Edema, hemorrhage	[196, 197]
Salvadoraceae
Azima tetracantha	Leaf	Bungarus caeruleus	PLA2	—	[181]
Vitaceae
Vitis vinifera	Seed	Echis carinatus	Proteolytic, SVH	Edema, hemorrhage, myotoxicity	[198]

PLA₂ = snake venom phospholipase A₂; SVH = snake venom hyaluronidase. ^#Vegetal species with related folk use as antiophidic agents, as showed in Table 1. Studies where inhibitory activity was assessed only by preincubation of venom with extract (see Section 4.1 for details). Active in preincubation tests but inactive or only poorly active when extract was used independently of venom (pre-, co-, or posttreatment protocols). Active in preincubation tests and when used independently of venom (pre-, co-, or posttreatment protocols).