Parasite Killing of Leishmania (V) braziliensis by Standardized Propolis Extracts

Figure 8

Modulation of cytokine production by propolis extract treatment. Quantification of inflammatory mediators secreted by propolis extract-treated L. (V) braziliensis-infected macrophages, stimulated by IFN-γ or not, and measured in cellular supernatant, as described in Materials and Methods: (a) interleukin-10 (IL-10), (b) Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-β), and (c) tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). The Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Dunn’s posttest, was used to compare among experimental groups ( and ).

(a)

(b)

(c)