The Use of Omic Technologies Applied to Traditional Chinese Medicine Research

Table 3

Studies on TCM using omic technologies (P, proteomics; T, transcriptomics; M, metabolomics; PG; pharmacogenomics; G, genomics; L, lipidomics).

Disease	TCM	Omic approach: method	Target or signaling pathway	Reference
Parkinson’s disease	Acanthopanax senticosus	P: iTRAQ	Inhibition of the expression of Lewy bodies; modulation of mitochondrial energy metabolism, axonal transport, and protein degradation; suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis; maintenance of centrosome integrity, iron, and calcium homeostasis	[74]
Anxiety	Radix Rehmanniae Preparata	P: 2DGE, MALDI-TOF/MS	Inhibition of MSG-induced downregulation of β-synuclein, DJ-1, peroxiredoxin-2, peroxiredoxin-6, DDAH-1, and iron-sulfur proteins	[75]
Cerebrovascular disease	Tao Hong Si Wu decoction (Semen Prunus, Flos; Carthami, Radix Rehmanniae; Preparata, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Rhizoma Ligustici Chuanxiong, and; Radix Paeoniae Rubra)	P: 2DGE, MALDI-TOF-MS	Regulation of Nrf2-mediated phase II enzymes	[76]
Chronic renal injury	Fu-Ling-Pi (Poria cocos)	M: UPLC Q-TOF/HSMS/	Regulation of adenine and amino acid metabolism	[77]
Cardiovascular and kidney disease, cancer	Venenum bufonis	M: NMR	Cardiac acute toxicity by inhibition of the Na+/K+ -ATPase pump, activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, increasing the levels of ROS, disturbance of mitochondrial function, and induction of apoptosis	[78]
Acute myocardial ischemia	Danqi Tongmai tablet (Salvia miltiorrhiza and Panax notoginseng)	M: LC-LTQ-Orbitrap MS	Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, amino, and nucleotide metabolism	[79]
Atherosclerosis	Xin-Ke-Shu (Salvia miltiorrhiza, Pueraria lobate, Panax notoginseng, Crataegus pinnatifida, Aucklandia lappa)	M: UPLC-Q-TOF MS	Regulation of fatty acid, beta-oxidation pathway, sphingolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis, proteolysis, citrate cycle, lysine and glutathione, glycerophospholipid, taurine, hypotaurine, tryptophan, and arachidonic acid	[80, 81]
Hemolytic and aplastic anemia	Gui-Xiong (Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma)	M: UHPLC–Q-TOF/MS	Regulation of thiamine and sphingolipid metabolism	[82]
Rheumatoid arthritis	Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang	M: LC–Q-TOF-MS	Restoration to normal urinary levels of citric acid, creatine, pantothenic acid, carnitine, pantothenic acid, phenylacetylglycine and plasma levels of uric acid, L-histidine, and L-phenylalanine	[83]
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Jieduquyuziyin (Radix Rehmanniae, Carapax Trionycis, Herba Artemisiae Annuae, Rhizoma Cimicifugae foetidae, Herba Hedyotidis, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Herba Centellae Asiaticae, Semen Coicis, Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis and Radix Glycyrrhizae)	M: RRLC-Q-TOF/MS	Regulation of unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipid metabolic pathways	[84]
Gastric cancer	Salvia miltiorrhiza	T and P: next generation sequencing-based transcriptomics and iTRAQ	Inhibition of the metabolism of glucose in gastric cancer cells and cell growth	[85]
Cancer	Cantharis vesicatoria	PG: PCR array, microarray-based transcriptome-wide mRNA expressions, and COMPARE analysis	Induction of apoptosis by regulation of tumor suppressors p53, p21, mitochondrial Bax and Bcl-2 proteins, JAK/STAT pathway, NF-KB, and oxidative stress that leads to DNA damage	[86]
Colon, ovarian, and lung cancer	Artemisia annua	PG: microarray-based transcriptome-wide expression profiling and compare analysis	Regulation of TNF, tumor suppressor p53, c-Myc, and Max-mediated transcriptional control of gene expression	[87]
Ischemic stroke	Bu-yang-Huan-wu decoction (Astragalus membranaceus, Angelica sinensis, Peonia lactiflora, Ligusticum chanxiong, Prunus persica, Carthamus tinctorius and Pheretima aspergillum)	G: affymetrix gene chip array	Downregulation of apoptosis, inflammation, angiogenesis, and blood coagulation genes; upregulation of neurogenesis and nervous system development genes	[88]
Breast cancer	Si-Wu-Tang extract (Paeoniae, Angelicae, Chianxiong and Rehmanniae)	T and G: microarray transcriptional profiling	Upregulation of GREB1, EGR3, PGR, and inhibition of cell growth.	[89]
Lipopolysaccharide induced diseases	Pulsatillae decoction (Radix Pulsatillae, Rhixoma Coptidis, Cortex Phallodendri and Cortex Fraxini)	G: affymetrix chip	Reduction of lipopolysaccharide-induced damage, improvement of the physiological and biochemical responses to overcome the action of lipopolysaccharides	[90]
Dyslipidemia	Review on different TCMs	Several approaches used such as G, T, and M	Review on different TCMs	[91]
Cancer	Panax ginseng	Several approaches used such as G, P, and PG	Stimulation of angiogenesis, modulation of PI3k and AKT pathways, regulation of cell adhesion, migration, and cytoskeleton. Effect on nuclear steroid hormone receptors	[92]