Elephantorrhiza elephantina: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of an Important Medicinal Plant Species in Southern Africa

Table 3

Phytochemical compounds isolated from rhizomes or roots of Elephantorrhiza elephantina.

Phytochemical compounds	Extract	Method of compound characterization	References
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone 38	Chloroform, methanol	LC-ESI-MS	[54]
Ester
Ethyl gallate 4	n-butanol	GC-MS	[41]
Butanedioic acid 19	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Benzoic acid 20	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
3-phenyl-2-propenoic acid 21	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Nonanedioic acid 22	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-phenyl)propionate 27	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Fatty acid
Hexadecanoic acid 15	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
9,12-Octadecadienoic 16	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
9-Octadecenoic 17	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Octadecanoic acid 18	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Tridecanoic acid 23	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl pentadecanoate 24	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl hexadec-9-enoate 25	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl hexadecanoate 26	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid 28	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl heptadecanoate 29	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl octadecanoate 30	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapenta-enoic acid 31	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Eicosanoic acid 32	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl tetracosanoate 33	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Pentacosanoic acid 34	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Hexacosanoic acid 35	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Methyl octacosanoate 36	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Tetradecanedioic acid 37	Hexane	GC-MS	[55]
Flavonoids
Dihydrokaempferol 1	n-butanol	GC-MS	[41]
Kaempferol 2	Ethanol, n-butanol	GC-MS, LC-ESI-MS	[41, 56]
Glycoside
Ethyl-1-O-β-D-galactopyranoside 8	n-butanol	GC-MS	[41]
Phenolic compounds
2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol 6	n-butanol	GC-MS	[41]
Catechin 3	Chloroform, methanol, n-butanol	GC-MS, NMR	[41, 57]
Gallic acid 5	Chloroform, methanol, n-butanol	GC-MS, NMR	[41, 57]
4-Hydroxybenzoic acid 7	n-butanol	GC-MS	[41]
Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside 9	Chloroform, methanol, n-butanol	GC-MS, NMR	[41, 57]
Epigallocatechin gallate 44	Ethanol	LC-ESI-MS	[56]
Quercetin 45	Ethanol	LC-ESI-MS	[56]
Epicatechin gallate 46	Ethanol	LC-ESI-MS	[56]
Methyl gallate 10	Chloroform, methanol	NMR	[57]
3-O-Galloyl-3,3′,5,5′,7-pentahydroxyflavone 12	Chloroform, methanol	NMR	[57]
Taxifolin-3′-O-β-D-glucoside 13	Chloroform, methanol	NMR	[57]
Epicatechin 14	Chloroform, ethanol, methanol	FTIR, LC-ESI-MS, NMR	[56, 57]
Phytosterols
β-Sitosterol 11	Chloroform, methanol	NMR	[57]
Saponin
Diosgenin 40	Chloroform, methanol	LC-ESI-MS	[54]
Sugar
Rhamnose 41	Chloroform, methanol	LC-ESI-MS	[54]
Glucuronic acid 42	Chloroform, ethanol, methanol	LC-ESI-MS	[54, 56]
Arabinose 43	Chloroform, ethanol, methanol	LC-ESI-MS	[54, 56]
Triterpenoid
Oleanolic acid 39	Chloroform, methanol	LC-ESI-MS	[54]