One-Pot Facile Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Seed Extract of<i> Phoenix dactylifera</i> and Their Bactericidal Potential against MRSA

Ansari, Mohammad Azam; Alzohairy, Mohammad A.

doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1860280

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

On this page

Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Data Availability Conflicts of Interest Acknowledgments References Copyright Related Articles

Research Article | Open Access

Volume 2018 | Article ID 1860280 | https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1860280

One-Pot Facile Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Seed Extract of Phoenix dactylifera and Their Bactericidal Potential against MRSA

Mohammad Azam Ansari¹and Mohammad A. Alzohairy²

Academic Editor: Célia Cabral

Received04 Apr 2018

Revised28 May 2018

Accepted31 May 2018

Published26 Jun 2018

Abstract

Due to the great economic, health, and medicinal importance, Phoenix dactylifera seeds were chosen for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their ecofriendly, nonhazardous, cost effectiveness advancement over physical and chemical methods, as green methods are safe, one step, and simple and did not require any chemical reducing and stabilizing agents. The green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, SEM, HR-TEM, and DLS. Further, the bactericidal activity of synthesized AgNPs against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was investigated by determining MIC/MBC, agar diffusion methods, and electron microscopy. TEM images of the so-formed AgNPs revealed that the NPs were spherical in shape, with a size range of 14–30 nm. The MIC and MBC of AgNPs for MRSA were found to be 10.67±0.94 and 17.33±1.89 μg/ml, respectively. The antibacterial activities were found to be increased with the increasing concentration of AgNPs. The zone of inhibition was greater (24mm) at highest concentrations (500μg/ml) of AgNPs, while smaller (11mm) at lowest concentrations (7.8μg/ml). The SEM images of treated MRSA cells showed wrinkled and damaged cell wall, indicating the disruption and disorganization of membrane. HR-TEM analysis exhibits extensive injury and complete disintegration of cell wall and membrane. Large translucent zones have been seen in the cytoplasm, due to either localized or complete separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall. Overall, these results indicate that green synthesized AgNPs should be considered as an effective treatment and prevention option for the medical devises related infections caused by deadly MRSA and other drug resistant pathogens.

1. Introduction

Among noble metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gain great interest due to their broad applications in medicine, dentistry, drug delivery, tissue and tumour imaging, biolabeling, biosensing, optics, coating for solar energy absorption, catalysis, mirrors, photography, electronics, and the food industry [1–3]. The antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity of AgNPs is well documented in the literature [4–11]. AgNPs can be synthesized by a large numbers of physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid methods. The comparison between the advantages of green routes of synthesis of AgNPs by Phoenix dactylifera seed extract with the disadvantages of AgNPs synthesized by physical, chemical, and biological methods was shown in Table 1. The nanoparticles synthesized from chemical and physical methods generally require high temperature, pressure, expensive equipment, toxic chemicals, and reagents and most importantly capping agents for the stabilization of nanoparticles; thus, these methods are toxic to environment and nonecofriendly. The green routes of synthesis for AgNPs have additional advantages such as ecofriendliness, cost effectiveness, inexpensive, safer, and fast and provide natural capping and stabilization agents. The green synthesis of AgNPs is based on the mechanisms of plant extract assisted reduction of metal salt due to the presence of phytochemicals such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic and dihydric phenols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, and enzymes, i.e., hydrogenases and reductases [2, 3].

In the present study, we discuss the green synthesis of AgNPs using the commercially economic and abundantly available Phoenix dactylifera seed extract as bioreductant and stabilizer. For decades, natural medicinal plant products are used as precious remedies to treat a large number of diseases as they are economically inexpensive and easy to access. Phoenix dactylifera is one of the most important and major economic food and crops of the Arab world. The fruit seeds contain a large number of nutritionally important functional compounds, e.g., fatty acids, sugars, protein, fibers, ash, minerals, and vitamins as well as high amounts of phenolic and flavonoids [12, 13]. Date seeds are one of the major waste materials that constitute about 6.1–11.5% of the fruit [14]. Date seeds have antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity as they contain considerable amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, anthraquinone, saponin, terpenoids, and tannin [15]. The date seeds are generally used as animal feed and are also potential sources of edible oils and pharmaceuticals. Date seeds are often used in alternative and folk medicine for the management of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, liver diseases, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular disorders and also used to improve the functionality and integrity of the immune system [13, 15, 16]. Moderate antibacterial properties of acetone and ethanolic extract of date seed have also been reported against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli [17–19]. The aim of present work was (i) the biosynthesis of AgNPs using date seed extract (DSE) as bioreductant and stabilizing agents; (ii) characterization of green synthesized AgNPs by various sophisticated techniques; (iii) evaluation of antibacterial potential of synthesized nanoparticles against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300) using twofold serial dilution and agar well diffusion methods; and (iv) characterization of morphological and ultrastructural changes caused by AgNPs on MRSA.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Materials

Silver nitrate (AgNO₃) with ≥99.5% purity was purchased from Merck, Germany. Mueller Hinton Agar, Luria Bertani broth, and other culture media were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300) was used for the antibacterial experiments.

2.2. Collection of Date Seeds and Aqueous Extracts Preparation

Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) seeds were collected from main campus of Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia. The surface of date seeds was disinfected using 30% sodium hypochlorite for 5 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water several times. In the next step, the seeds were placed in 70% alcohol for 2 min and then washed three times with sterile distilled water. 10 g of seeds was milled using an ordinary grinder and ground kernel was boiled with 100 ml distilled water at 80°C for 20 min. The ground mixture was centrifuged and then the solution was filtered by 0.45 μm Millipore membrane filter and followed by 0.2 μm Millipore membrane filter. The filtrate extract was stored at 4°C and used as reducing and stabilizer agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles [20].

2.3. Date Seed Extract Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (DSE-AgNPs)

In a typical reaction procedure, 10 ml of seed extract was added to 90 ml of 10⁻³ (M) aqueous silver nitrate solution. The flask (aqueous) was then incubated at room temperature for overnight. Any colour changes of the solution were observed.

2.4. Characterization of AgNPs

UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The formation and stability AgNPs were carried out by measuring the UV-visible spectra of the solutions after diluting the sample. Distilled water was used as a blank solution. The absorbance spectra of AgNPs solution were recorded at wavelength ranging from 200 to 800 nm by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Varian Inc., USA).

2.5. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy

The morphological features of synthesized DSE-AgNPs were characterized by SEM (Carl Zeiss EVO 40, Germany) with accelerating voltage of 20 kV. AgNPs were sonicated for 10 min before being used. The shape and size of AgNPs were characterized by higher resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM). For HR-TEM, a drop of dispersed solution was placed on a copper grid at room temperature. The HR-TEM images were obtained using a Tecnai G2 (FEI, Electron Optics, USA) transmission electron microscopy with an accelerated voltage of 200 kV.

2.6. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)

The hydrodynamic size of the AgNPs was determined by DLS as described by Jalal et al. [20]. DLS is commonly used to determine the size distribution or average sizes of synthesized AgNPs in the suspensions.

2.7. Methods for Characterization of Antibacterial Activity of DSE-AgNPs

Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The MIC of was determined in Luria Bertani broth using twofold serial dilution of DSE-AgNPs as previously described [4]. The MIC is the lowest concentration of AgNPs that completely visually inhibits the 99% growth of the bacteria.

Determination of Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The MBC is defined as the lowest concentration of AgNPs that kills 100% of the initial bacterial population. The MBC was determined on MHA plates as previously described [20].

2.8. Determination of Antibacterial of DSE-AgNPs by Agar Well Diffusion Method

Zone of inhibition test was performed on MHA plates supplemented with 7.8, 15.6, 30.25, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 μg/ml of AgNPs as described previously with slight modification [21]. Briefly, 20 ml of MHA was poured in well rinsed, autoclaved Petri plates, then 1.0 ml of active bacterial culture was homogeneously spread on the agar plates, and 100 μl of AgNPs solution has been filled in deep blocks, prepared by cutting the agar by gel puncture. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The zone size was determined by measuring the radius of the zone in millimetres [21].

2.9. Action of DSE-AgNPs on the Morphology of S. aureus as Examined by SEM

The effects of DSE-AgNPs on the morphology of S. aureus were carried out using SEM as described by Ansari et al. [22]. Briefly, the cells (10⁶ CFU/ml) treated with different concentrations of AgNPs were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and then centrifuged at 12000rpm for 10 min. Cells without AgNPs have been taken as control. The pellets were washed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 1 h at 4°C. The prefixed cells were washed with PBS and postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide for 1 h at 25°C. After washing with PBS, dehydration process was done with 30, 50, 70, 80, 90, and 100% of acetone (each for 10 minutes). The cell biomass was fixed on the aluminium stubs and then dried overnight in a critical point dryer, sputter-coated with a thin layer of gold (Sputter coater- Polaron SC7640). The coated samples were observed under scanning electron microscope (EVO 40, Germany) with accelerating voltage of 20 kV.

2.10. Action and Visualization of Effects of DSE-AgNPs on S. aureus as Examined by TEM

To study the nanoparticles-bacterial interaction and their internalization inside the bacterium, the cells treated with different concentration of AgNPs were incubated in LB broth for 16 h. Control experiment was carried out without nanoparticles. After 16 h, treated and untreated cells were washed phosphate buffer and fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 1 h at 4°C. The prefixed cells were again washed and postfixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and were washed again and dehydrated with a series of graded acetone and then embedded in white resin overnight to polymerize [22]. Ultrathin sections were made with a microtome diamond knife and then stained with uranyl acetate and counterstained with 4% lead citrate. The sections were mounted on copper grids and finally, the internal structure was examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Electron Optics, USA) at 120KeV.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Visual Observation and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Analysis

The potential of plant extracts to reduce metal ions into metal nanoparticles has been documented in the literature [6, 23]. The aqueous date seed extract (DSE) has the ability to reduce the silver nitrate salt into AgNPs and further they stabilized the synthesized AgNPs due to presence of bioactive phytochemicals in the date seed extract such as phenolics, flavonoids, polyphenols, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, anthraquinone, saponin, terpenoids tannin, and proteins [2, 3, 15]. On adding the aqueous seed extract of date to the silver nitrate solution, a colour change from pale yellow to dark brown has been observed (Figure 1). The appearance of brown colour was primarily due to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations and this colour change is an indicator of synthesis of AgNPs [24, 25]. Bioreduction of silver ions to metal nanoparticles using various plants parts and change in colour has also been observed by several authors [6, 23]. UV-Vis spectroscopy is an important technique to examine the formation of metal NPs in aqueous solution. The formation of AgNPs in aqueous solution was monitored by measuring the absorption spectra at a wavelength range of 200 to 800 nm; a single, strong, and broad surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak was observed at 429 nm throughout the reaction period suggesting that the NPs were dispersed in the aqueous solution (Figure 2). AgNPs are known to display a UV-Vis absorption spectrum maximum in the range of 400–500 nm due to the plasmon resonance displayed by AgNPs [26, 27]. These findings showed the similarity with the results reported by other researchers in past [23, 27, 28], who used different plants parts for the synthesis of AgNPs.

(a)

(b)

3.2. SEM and TEM Analysis of Synthesized AgNPs

In order to determine the morphology and size detail of AgNPs synthesized by date seed extract, scanning and transmission electron microscopy was carried out. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphological structure of the green synthesized AgNPs (Figure 3(a)). TEM is one of the most powerful tools which can give direct structural and size information of the nanoparticles. Thus, the detailed shape and size of AgNPs were carried out with TEM. The TEM images of the so-formed AgNPs revealed that the NPs were spherical in shape, with a size range of 14–30 nm, in which few NPs were agglomerated (Figure 3(b)). At higher magnification, the TEM micrograph revealed that AgNPs were not in physical contact but separated by uniform distance with some deviations. The capping of AgNPs has also been observed under TEM micrograph (Figure 3(b)). This capping might be because of presence of phytochemicals compounds present in extract [29].

(a)

(b)

3.3. DLS Measurement

The TEM measurements were done under high vacuum conditions that require a dry sample; therefore, complimentary experiments were performed to obtain mean size of nanoparticles in aqueous solutions using Dynamic light scattering. DLS is a sophisticated and most frequently used technique to determine the size distribution and average diameter of particles in suspension which utilizes the illumination of a suspension of particles or molecules undergoing Brownian motion by a laser beam [30]. The size distribution histogram of DLS indicates that the average diameter of synthesized AgNPs was 32.1 nm (Figure 4), confirming the results obtained by HR-TEM (Figure 3(b)).

3.4. Antibacterial Activity of DSE-AgNPs

The antibacterial potential of green synthesized AgNPs was investigated against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43300) using twofold serial dilution and agar well diffusion methods (Figure 5). The MIC and MBC values of AgNPs for Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (ATCC 43300) were found to be 10.67±0.94 and 17.33±1.89 μg/ml, respectively. Our findings are in agreement with previous studies of Das et al. [31], who demonstrated that MIC and MBC values for AgNPs synthesized from leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum against MRSA were 8 and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Our data on MIC and MBC indicate better antibacterial activity as compared to the previous work of Ayala-Nuez et al. [32] in terms of the MIC and MBC values of AgNPs against MRSA i.e., 1800 μg/ml and 2700 μg/ml, respectively. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was further examined by agar well diffusion method. The zone of inhibition (in mm) around the well was shown in (Figure 5(b)). It was observed that the antibacterial activities were found to be increased with the increasing concentration of AgNPs (Figure 5(a)). The zones of inhibition were found to be larger (24 mm) at highest concentrations (500 μg/ml) of AgNPs, whereas zone of inhibition was smaller (11 mm) at lowest concentrations (7.8 μg/ml) of AgNPs (Figure 5(a)). These results are in agreement with previous work that examined the antibacterial activity of AgNPs synthesized by using extract of different parts of the plant [31, 33].

(a)

(b)

3.5. Cell Integrity Disruption of Bacteria Induced by AgNPs: Electron Microscopic Analysis

The MIC/MBC and well diffusion methods clearly demonstrate that AgNPs effectively inhibit the growth of MRSA. Therefore, we investigated the morphological and ultrastructural changes in MRSA cells before and after exposure to AgNPs by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The obtained SEM micrographs of MRSA cells were shown in Figure 6. As shown in Figures 6(a) and 6(b), untreated MRSA cells were typically round-shaped, with smooth and intact cell walls. However, after exposure to AgNPs for 16 h, the cell walls became wrinkled and damaged, indicating the disruption and disorganization of membrane (Figures 6(a1) and 6(b1)). Further, to investigate the ultrastructural changes caused by AgNPs, we performed TEM in order to find additional evidence of the different effect seen. The untreated MRSA cell showed normal cell characteristics such as smooth and intact cell wall showing a well-preserved thick peptidoglycan layer (Figure 7(a)). However, significant ultrastructural changes were observed in cell treated with the AgNPs. Treated S. aureus cell exhibited extensive injury and complete disintegration of cell wall and membrane (Figures 7(b) and 7(c)). Large translucent zones have also been seen in the cytoplasm, due to either localized or complete separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall (Figure 7(c)).

(a)

(b)

(c)

Although the exact mode of action of AgNPs to bacterial system is still not very clear. Though, in the literature, various mechanisms have been proposed for the antibacterial effect of AgNPs. In a study, it has been reported that the main cause of bacterial cell death by green synthesized AgNPs was due to the disorganization of cytoplasmic membrane, followed by the leakage of various biomolecules. They also investigated that inhibition of essential enzymes function may also lead to death of bacterial cells [34]. Krishnaraj et al. [35] reported that the change in membrane permeability and loss of integrity of the membrane caused by the action of AgNPs and release of cellular components present inside lead to the bacterial cells death [36]. In the present study, we hypothesized that the positively charged AgNPs may interact with the negatively charged teichoic acid of S. aureus cell membrane by electrostatic attraction that causes an increase in membrane permeability and eventually rupture and leakage of intracellular components [37, 38]. Disruption, disorganization, and disintegration of S. aureus cell membrane (as supported by our SEM and TEM analysis) might be the other possible mode of AgNPs action [38, 39]. The leakage of intracellular cytoplasmic components due to the loss of membrane integrity may cause shrinkage of the cell membrane that ultimately lead to the lysis of S. aureus cell as justified by our TEM micrographs. Das et al. [31] demonstrated that AgNPs synthesized from leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum destroy multidrug resistant bacteria (MRSA) by damaging cell membrane and the production of reactive oxygen species may also contribute to bacterial cell death.

4. Conclusion

Ecofriendly and cost effective green method has been employed to synthesize the AgNPs using waste product, i.e., aqueous seed extract of Phoenix dactylifera as reducing and stabilizing agents, which is a novel approach to utilize the waste material of date palm for the synthesis nanoparticles. The results obtained clearly showed that AgNPs inhibit growth of MRSA in a dose dependent manner. The strong antibacterial activity of AgNPs at very low concentration against Methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains suggests that AgNPs could be an alternative approach for the treatment of medical devices associated infections caused by drug resistant strains.

Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the Institute of Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, and Qassim University, Saudi Arabia, for providing instruments facilities and other items used in this study.

References

K. Shameli, M. B. Ahmad, A. Zamanian et al., “Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Curcuma longa tuber powder,” International Journal of Nanomedicine, vol. 7, pp. 5603–5610, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
F. Zia, N. Ghafoor, M. Iqbal, and S. Mehboob, “Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Cydonia oblong seed extract,” Applied Nanoscience, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 1023–1029, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
K. Jyoti, M. Baunthiyal, and A. Singh, “Characterization of silver nanoparticles synthesized using Urtica dioica Linn. leaves and their synergistic effects with antibiotics,” Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 217–227, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Ansari, H. M. Khan, A. A. Khan et al., “Evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against MSSA and MRSA on isolates from skin infections,” Biology and Medicine, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 141–146, 2011.
View at: Google Scholar
K. Kim, W. S. Sung, B. K. Suh et al., “Antifungal activity and mode of action of silver nano-particles on Candida albicans,” BioMetals, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 235–242, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Jalal, M. A. Ansari, S. G. Ali, H. M. Khan, W. A. H. Eldaif, and S. A. Alrumman, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Cinnamomum tamala and its antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of bacteria and fungi,” International Journal of Advanced Research, vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 428–440, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
M. Khatami, S. Pourseyedi, M. Khatami, H. Hamidi, M. Zaeifi, and L. Soltani, “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using seed exudates of Sinapis arvensis as a novel bioresource, and evaluation of their antifungal activity,” Bioresources and Bioprocessing, vol. 2, no. 1, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. H. Lara, N. V. Ayala-Nuñez, L. Ixtepan-Turrent, and C. Rodriguez-Padilla, “Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1,” Journal of Nanobiotechnology, vol. 8, article 1, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. C. Trefry and D. P. Wooley, “Rapid assessment of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles using a novel application of the tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay,” Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 183, no. 1, pp. 19–24, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Marimuthu, A. A. Rahuman, G. Rajakumar et al., “Evaluation of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against parasites,” Parasitology Research, vol. 108, no. 6, pp. 1541–1549, 2011.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
T. Q. Huy, N. T. H. Thanh, N. T. Thuy et al., “Cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of electrochemical—synthesized silver nanoparticles against poliovirus,” Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 241, pp. 52–57, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Al-Farsi, C. Alasalvar, M. Al-Abid, K. Al-Shoaily, M. Al-Amry, and F. Al-Rawahy, “Compositional and functional characteristics of dates, syrups, and their by-products,” Food Chemistry, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 943–947, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
E. D. T. Bouhlali, C. Alem, J. Ennassir, M. Benlyas, A. N. Mbark, and Y. F. Zegzouti, “Phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity of three date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds varieties grown in the South East Morocco,” Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 350–357, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. M. Habib and W. H. Ibrahim, “Nutritional quality evaluation of eighteen date pit varieties,” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 99–111, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. M. Adeosun, S. O. Oni, O. M. Ighodaro, O. H. Durosinlorun, and O. M. Oyedele, “Phytochemical, minerals and free radical scavenging profiles of Phoenix dactilyfera L. seed extract,” Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
J. A. Duke, “Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS Herbs and other economic plants,” in Herbal Reference Library, CRC Press, FL, USA, 1992.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
R. D. V. Sundar, G. Segaran, S. Shankar, S. Settu, and L. Ravi, “Bioactivity of Phoenix dactylifera seed and its phytochemical analysis,” International Journal of Green Pharmacy, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. S292–S297, 2017.
View at: Google Scholar
F. R. Saleh, “Antibacterial activity of seeds of Iraqi dates,” Journal of Bio Innovation, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 313–318, 2016.
View at: Google Scholar
N. Bentrad, R. Gaceb-Terrak, and F. Rahmania, “Identification and evaluation of antibacterial agents present in lipophilic fractions isolated from sub-products of Phoenix dactilyfera,” Natural Product Research (Formerly Natural Product Letters), vol. 31, no. 21, pp. 2544–2548, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Jalal, M. A. Ansari, A. K. Shukla et al., “Green synthesis and antifungal activity of Al2O3 NPs against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp isolated from a tertiary care hospital,” RSC Advances, vol. 6, no. 109, pp. 107577–107590, 2016.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Ansari, H. M. Khan, A. A. Khan, A. Sultan, and A. Azam, “Characterization of clinical strains of MSSA, MRSA and MRSE isolated from skin and soft tissue infections and the antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles,” World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1605–1613, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. A. Ansari, H. M. Khan, M. A. Alzohairy et al., “Green synthesis of Al2O3 nanoparticles and their bactericidal potential against clinical isolates of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 153–164, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. G. Ali, M. A. Ansari, H. M. Khan, M. Jalal, A. A. Mahdi, and S. S. Cameotra, “Crataeva nurvala nanoparticles inhibit virulence factors and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa,” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 193–203, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Ahmad, P. Mukherjee, S. Senapati et al., “Extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Fusarium oxysporum,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 313–318, 2003.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Li, Y. Shen, A. Xie et al., “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Capsicum annuum L. extract,” Green Chemistry, vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 852–858, 2007.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Sastry, K. S. Mayya, and K. Bandyopadhyay, “pH dependent changes in the optical properties of carboxylic acid derivatized silver colloidal particles,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 127, pp. 221–228, 1997.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bankar, B. Joshi, A. R. Kumar, and S. Zinjarde, “Banana peel extract mediated novel route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 368, no. 1–3, pp. 58–63, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Z. Zaheer and Rafiuddin, “Silver nanoparticles to self-assembled films: green synthesis and characterization,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 48–52, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Mude, A. Ingle, A. Gade, and M. Rai, “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using callus extract of Carica papaya—a first report,” Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 83–86, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M. Kaszuba, D. McKnight, M. T. Connah, F. K. McNeil-Watson, and U. Nobbmann, “Measuring sub nanometre sizes using dynamic light scattering,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 823–829, 2008.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
B. Das, S. K. Dash, D. Mandal et al., “Green synthesized silver nanoparticles destroy multidrug resistant bacteria via reactive oxygen species mediated membrane damage,” Arabian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 862–876, 2017.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. V. Ayala-Núñez, H. H. L. Villegas, L. d. C. I. Turrent, and C. R. Padilla, “Silver nanoparticles toxicity and bactericidal effect against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: nanoscale does matter,” NanoBiotechnology, vol. 5, no. 1–4, pp. 2–9, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Sharma, S. Kumar, B. D. Bulchandani, S. Taneja, and S. Banyal, “Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria,” International Journal of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Research, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 711–714, 2013.
View at: Google Scholar
S. V. Patil, H. P. Borase, C. D. Patil, and B. K. Salunke, “Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex from few euphorbian plants and their antimicrobial potential,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol. 167, no. 4, pp. 776–790, 2012.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. Krishnaraj, E. G. Jagan, S. Rajasekar, P. Selvakumar, P. T. Kalaichelvan, and N. Mohan, “Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Acalypha indica leaf extracts and its antibacterial activity against water borne pathogens,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 50–56, 2010.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y.-M. Kim, S. Farrah, and R. H. Baney, “Silanol—a novel class of antimicrobial agent,” Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 176–180, 2006.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
L. Liu, K. Xu, H. Wang et al., “Self-assembled cationic peptide nanoparticles as an efficient antimicrobial agent,” Nature Nanotechnology, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 457–463, 2009.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
H. Li, Q. Chen, J. Zhao, and K. Urmila, “Enhancing the antimicrobial activity of natural extraction using the synthetic ultrasmall metal nanoparticles,” Scientific Reports, vol. 5, Article ID 11033, 2015.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
C. J. Newcomb, S. Sur, J. H. Ortony et al., “Cell death versus cell survival instructed by supramolecular cohesion of nanostructures,” Nature Communications, vol. 5, article no. 3321, 2014.
View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar

Copyright

Copyright © 2018 Mohammad Azam Ansari and Mohammad A. Alzohairy. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

PDF Download Citation

Download other formats

Order printed copies

Views

3929

Downloads

1694

Citations