Review Article

Plant-Derived Products for Treatment of Vascular Intima Hyperplasia Selectively Inhibit Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Functions

Table 3

The structure, cells, category, source, and mechanism of terpenes on inhibiting VSMCs abnormal proliferation, migration, and functions.

Compound nameStructureCells and animalsCategorySourcesMechanism

Betulinic AcidVSMCsTerpeneVarious plant sources widespread throughout the tropicsInducing G1 Arrest and Apoptosis
ParthenoliderVSMCsSesquiterpene lactoneTanacetum partheniumG0/G1 cell cycle arrest; p21 ↑; p27 ↑; IκBα ↑;Cox-2 ↓
PlumericinrAVSMCsIridoid (Terpene)Himatanthus sucuubaBlock STAT3 signaling; arrest VSMCs in the G1/G0-phase; cyclin D1 ↓; pRb ↓
PaclitaxelRat balloon injury; hCASMCs (CC-2583) and VSMCs (CC-2571); rTASMCs and VECsDiterpenoidTaxus cuspidata(1) prevent neointimal
formation via oral administration, (2) arrest G1/S phase; p21 ↑; p53 ↑
Epothilone DrTASMCs; carotid artery injuryDiterpenoidSorangium cellulosumCDK2 ↓; pRb ↓
β-elemenehUVECs and VSMCs (A7r5); rat balloon injuryTerpeneCurcuma wenyujinAntioxidant; Casp 3/7/9 ↑; Migration ↓
ArtemisininrVSMCs and rat balloon injury; rTASMCsSesquiterpene lactoneArtemisia annua(1) arrest G0/G1 phase; cyclin D1/E ↓; CDK2/4 ↓; caspase 3/9 ↑; Bax ↑; Bcl-2 ↓, (2) PCNA ↓; caspase 3↑; Bax ↑; Bax/Bcl-2 ratio ↑
(S)-(-)-Perillic acidrASMCsMonoterpeneWidelyProtein prenylation ↓