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| Included studies | Country | Study type | Sample size | Age (mean) | Sex | Time of drug abuse (mean) | Daily opioids use (mean) | Diagnosis | Intervention (Sample size) | Duration | Needle retention duration | Context of acupuncture treatment | Main outcomes |
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| Bearn et al. 2009 [21] | United Kingdom | RCT | 82 | 35.99 years | 62 males and 20 females | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | DSM-IV | Auricular acupuncture (n = 48); sham auricular acupuncture (n = 34) | 14 days (10 sessions) | 30 to 40 minutes | Before 14s-days acupuncture treatment, participants received 10 to 14 days decremental methadone therapy. | Intensity of withdrawal syndrome and craving. |
| Hu et al. 2003 [22] | Not mentioned | RCT | 96 | 30.4 years | 44 males and 52 females | 29.5 months | 1.16 g | Clinical assessment | Electroacupuncture (n = 20); (n = 28); Chinese herbs (n = 23); Acupuncture & Chinese herbs (n = 25) | 20 days (20 sessions) | 20 minutes | Not mentioned | Intensity of withdrawal syndrome. |
| Meade et al. 2010 [33] | America | RCT | 48 | 27.5 years | 33 males and 15 females | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Clinical assessment | TEAS (n = 24); Sham TEAS (n = 24) | 4 days (12 sessions) | 30 minutes | Not mentioned | Intensity of withdrawal syndrome, carving, pain severity and interference; sleep quality. |
| Mu et al. 2009 [23] | China | RCT | 120 | 29.43 years | 48 males and 72 females | 4.78 years | 1.81 g | DSM-IV | Acupuncture group 1: electroacupuncture (n = 30); acupuncture group 2: electroacupuncture (n = 30); sham electroacupuncture (n = 30); no treatment (n = 30) | 10 weeks (30 sessions) | 20 minutes | Did not receive antipsychotic drugs in the previous week | Intensity of anxiety and depression |
| Mu et al. 2010 [34, 35] | China | RCT | 120 | 29.84 years | 48 males and 72 females | 4.72 years | 1.78 g | DSM-IV and ICD-10 | Acupuncture group 1: electroacupuncture (n = 30); acupuncture group 2: electroacupuncture (n = 30); sham electroacupuncture (n = 30); no treatment (n = 30) | 10 weeks (30 sessions) | 20 minutes | Did not receive any detoxification treatment in the previous 3 months | Intensity of withdrawal syndrome, anxiety, depression, and Craving. |
| Washburn et al. 1993 [37] | America | RCT | 100 | 40.46 years | 68 males and 32 females | 16.8 years | Not mentioned | Clinical assessment | Auricular acupuncture (n = 55); sham auricular acupuncture (n = 45) | 21 days | 20 to 45 minutes | All Participants received counseling and discharge planning, and AIDS education | Urine examination |
| Wen et al. 2005 [24] | China | RCT | 220 | 33.8 years | 171 males and 49 females | 20.13 months | 0.83 g | DSM-IV | Manual acupuncture (n = 111); western medicine (n = 109) | 10 days (10 sessions) | 30 minutes | Did not receive any detoxification treatment in the previous 1 month | Intensity of withdrawal syndrome and anxiety |
| Zhang et al. 2000 [38] | Not mentioned | RCT | 181 | 26.54 years | Not mentioned | 3.27 years | 1.74 g | DSM-III | TEAS (n = 121); sham TEAS (n = 60) | 15 days (27 sessions) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Sleeping time; intensity of pain, anxiety, addiction. |
| Zong et al. 2001 [36] | China | RCT | 96 | 30.4 years | 44 males and 52 females | 15 months | 1.18 g | DSM-III-R | Electroacupuncture (n = 20); Chinese herbs (n=23); western medicine (n=28); acupuncture & Chinese herb (n = 25) | 20 days (20 sessions) | 20 minutes | Not mentioned | Intensity of withdrawal syndrome; urine examination. |
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