Efficacy of Acupuncture for Treating Opioid Use Disorder in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 3

Summary of findings: acupuncture versus no treatment.

Outcomes	Number of RCTs	Number of Participants	Relative effect (95 CI)	Quality of the evidence (GRADE)
Craving for opioid	1	90	MD -2.18 (-3.10 to -1.26)	⊕⊕ ⊝⊝; low
Anxiety	2	180	SMD -0.79 (-2.47 to 0.88)	⊕ ⊝⊝⊝; very low
Depression	2	180	SMD -1.50 (-1.85 to -1.15)	⊕⊕ ⊝⊝; low
Retention of treatment	2	180	RR 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04)	⊕⊕ ⊝⊝; low

GRADE Working Group grades of evidence.
High quality: further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect.
Moderate quality: further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate.
Low quality: further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate.
Very low quality: we are very uncertain about the estimate.