Grain Amaranth Is Associated with Improved Hepatic and Renal Calcium Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus of Male Wistar Rats

Table 3

P values on Tukey’s tests for weights, calcium, s100al protein levels, MDA, and GPx in experimental groups.

Multiple Tukey’s test comparisons	N	Weight	Calcium			S100a1			MDA			GPx
			Blood	Renal	Liver	Blood	Renal	Liver	Blood	Renal	Liver	Blood	Renal	Liver
T2DM + Mixtard® vs. Positive control	5	0.9826	0.0049	0.2413	0.6827	0.0051	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0027	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0209	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + Mixtard® vs. T2DM + 25% GAG	5	0.9963	0.0255	0.6092	0.0829	< 0.0001	0.0389	< 0.0001	0.2173	0.0293	0.0467	0.9722	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + Mixtard® vs. T2DM + 50% GAG	5	0.9746	0.6888	0.9999	0.3361	< 0.0001	0.194	0.0079	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.9858	0.0007	0.1609	0.7177
T2DM + Mixtard® vs. Normal + 50% GAG	5	0.9772	0.3104	> 0.9999	0.9717	< 0.0001	0.9985	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0039	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + Mixtard® vs. Negative control	5	0.8763	0.9988	0.5177	0.1284	0.9996	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.2601	< 0.0001	0.9953	0.9995	0.0007	0.0005
Positive control vs. T2DM + 25% GAG	5	> 0.9999	0.9	0.0072	0.9533	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0118	0.0031	0.0118	0.9622
Positive control vs. T2DM + 50% GAG	5	> 0.9999	0.0849	0.1273	0.2829	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0003
Positive control vs. Normal + 50% GAG	5	> 0.9999	0.2667	0.2706	0.9999	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Positive control vs. Negative control	5	0.4961	0.0081	0.0051	0.7526	0.0105	0.052	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.04	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + 25% GAG vs. T2DM + 50% GAG	5	0.9998	0.3751	0.7045	0.9888	< 0.0001	0.9644	< 0.0001	0.0036	0.0004	0.0129	0.0022	0.0136	< 0.0001
T2DM + 25% GAG vs. Normal + 50% GAG	5	0.9999	0.7792	0.5632	0.3998	< 0.0001	0.0908	> 0.9999	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + 25% GAG vs. Negative control	5	0.6156	0.0441	> 0.9999	0.6827	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	> 0.9999	0.0001	0.0078	0.8803	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + 50% GAG vs. Normal + 50% GAG	5	> 0.9999	0.9826	0.9995	0.0829	< 0.0001	0.3689	< 0.0001	0.0634	0.1228	0.0179	0.018	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
T2DM + 50% GAG vs. Negative control	5	0.4600	0.8633	0.6086	0.3361	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.0027	0.9862	> 0.9999	0.0004	< 0.0001	< 0.0001
Normal + 50% GAG vs. Negative control	5	0.4704	0.4739	0.4732	0.9717	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.3432	0.0029	< 0.0001	< 0.0001	0.803

KEY: N: number of rats per group; MDA: malondialdehyde; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GAG: grain amaranth grain; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.