R-Limonene Enhances Differentiation and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Uptake in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes by Activating the Akt Signaling Pathway

Figure 5

(a)–(d) A comparative study between R-limonene (LM) and rosiglitazone (RGZ) on lipid accumulation and PPAR-γ expression in adipocytes. Adipocytes differentiated with RGZ (0.1μM) and LM (5μM) separately in DMI. (a) Microscopic visualization of differentiated adipocytes on day 10; (b) percentage of lipids in the experimental adipocytes on day 10; (c) PPAR-γ protein expression in the experimental adipocytes on day 10. Experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times with the same results. Bars display mean ± SEM and statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. p<0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference compared to control and LM treatments; #p<0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference compared to control adipocytes. (d) Impact of LM on signaling pathways associated with an adipocyte differentiation. Adipocytes were differentiated with differentiation induction medium (DMI) in the presence/absence of LM for 10 days. Experiments were performed in triplicate and repeated three times with the same results. Bars display mean ± SEM and statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA. p<0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference compared to control adipocytes.

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