Piper retrofractum Vahl. Extract, as a PPARδ and AMPK Activator, Suppresses UVB-Induced Photoaging through Mitochondrial Biogenesis and MMPs Inhibition in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Hairless Mice

Figure 1

The effects of PRE on the PPARδ activity, mitochondrial biogenesis, and ROS accumulation in vitro. (a) The PPARδ agonistic activity of PRE was measured by the PPARδ-luciferase transactivation assay. GW501516 was used as a positive control. (b) The expression of AMPK and PGC-1α was evaluated by Western blot. (c) The expression of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes was evaluated by RT-PCR. Equal protein and mRNA loading were verified by α-tubulin and GAPDH, respectively. (d) The mitochondrial content was analyzed by MitoTracker. (e) The ROS content was measured by DCFH-DA. Data are represented as the mean SD from triplicate independent experiments. compared to normal; compared to UVB.

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