Tualang Honey Reduced Neuroinflammation and Caspase-3 Activity in Rat Brain after Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus

Figure 1

TNF- level in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and serum of control and kainic acid-induced groups at multiple time points. Graph showed the levels of TNF-α in the cerebral cortex (a), cerebellum (b), brainstem (c), and serum (d) at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration in comparison to the relative control groups. In Figure 1(a), data are presented as median (IqR), n = 6 per group, for each time point. Statistical analysis: Kruskal-Wallis H test followed by Mann–Whitney U (MW) test with p<0.05 indicates significant difference. p<0.05 compared to control group (MW), p<0.05 compared to KA group (MW). In Figures 1(b), 1(c), and 1(d), data are presented as mean ± SEM, n = 6 per group for each time point. Statistical analysis: one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey post hoc test with p<0.05 indicates significant difference. p<0.05 compared to control group, p<0.05 compared to KA group. ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance; BS, brainstem; CC, cerebral cortex; CB, cerebellum; IqR; interquartile range; KA, kainic acid; TH, tualang honey; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TPM, topiramate; SEM, the standard error of the mean.

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