Abstract
Anticoagulant therapy is used to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. Warfarin has been the traditional anticoagulant but is difficult to use because of its narrow therapeutic window. Recently, newer oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been developed. However, bleeding continues to be a significant complication. The objective of this study was to assess the safety of acupuncture in patients taking NOACs. The medical records in the Stroke Center at Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients who had received acupuncture between January 2017 and September 2017. The patients were divided into groups according to whether they were taking an NOAC, an antiplatelet agent, or no anticoagulant therapy. Bleeding-related side effects that occurred immediately after removal of acupuncture needles were recorded. Three hundred and sixteen patients underwent 10,177 acupuncture sessions during the study period. Microbleeding (bleeding that ceased within 30 s) occurred at a rate of 3.9% in the NOAC group, 5.6% in the antiplatelet group, and 5.1% in the control group. There were no between-group differences in the microbleeding rate. No serious adverse events, including major bleeding, were detected. These findings indicate that acupuncture is safe in patients taking NOACs.
1. Introduction
Newer oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been developed to overcome the limitations of warfarin, a conventional vitamin K antagonist that has been used widely to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation [1–3]. The NOACs include dabigatran, a direct thrombin inhibitor, and rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, all of which are direct coagulation factor Xa inhibitors. These anticoagulants have been confirmed to be as effective as warfarin [4–7] and to have predictable pharmacokinetics, so regular monitoring of blood levels is not necessary when using these agents. Furthermore, they have a rapid onset of action and reversal of effect soon after cessation, as well as limited drug and food interactions. Therefore, NOACs can be expected to replace warfarin in patients requiring anticoagulation therapy.
However, there is concern about the risk of bleeding associated with long-term use of anticoagulants. Observational studies in patients receiving warfarin have reported that fatal bleeding-related side effects occur at a rate of 0.6%, intracerebral or intraperitoneal hemorrhage at a rate of 3.0%, and severe microbleeding at a rate of 9.6% [8]. The risk of bleeding events in patients receiving NOACs has been reported to be similar to or lower than that in those receiving warfarin [9].
Several studies have investigated the dose-dependent safety of acupuncture [10–16]. Several complications have been reported, but fatal side effects are extremely rare and generally have occurred when acupuncture has been administered by inexperienced operators. A systematic review of the safety of acupuncture in 384 patients receiving an anticoagulant (warfarin, urokinase, or heparin) revealed that microhemorrhage occurred in 56 (1.4%) of 3974 patients who received acupuncture and that only one patient (0.02%) experienced organ damage because of inappropriately deep needling. These findings indicated that acupuncture is safe for patients receiving anticoagulation therapy [17].
Although the safety of acupuncture in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy has been investigated in previous studies, there has been no report on patients taking NOACs. In this study, we compared the safety of acupuncture in patients who were receiving an NOAC with that in patients who were receiving conventional or no anticoagulation.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
All patients admitted to the Stroke Center, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, receive acupuncture once or twice daily. The acupuncture is performed routinely by Korean doctors who are graduates of a school of Korean medicine. Disposable needles (Dongbang Acupuncture Inc., Boryeong, Korea) measuring 0.25 mm × 40 mm or 0.25 mm × 30 mm are inserted into each acupuncture point to a depth of 10–20 mm, depending on the point selected, for approximately 20 min. Immediately upon withdrawal of the needle, any side effects at the acupuncture site are recorded on a routine checklist by the medical staff (Table 1). The doctors knew what medication the patient was taking.
We searched the medical records of patients who were hospitalized between January 2017 and September 2017 and received acupuncture. The patients were divided into groups according to whether they were taking an NOAC (group A), an antiplatelet agent (group B), no NOAC or antiplatelet agent (group C [control]), or warfarin (group D) at the time of acupuncture. There were no restrictions with regard to sex, age, diagnosis, severity of symptoms, hospital stay, or duration or type of therapy. Patients whose medical records did not mention side effects of acupuncture were excluded. Patients who experienced sudden bleeding unrelated to acupuncture, such as trauma or gastrointestinal bleeding, were also excluded, as were patients with an activated partial thromboplastin time >45 sec, a prothrombin time/international normalized ratio >3.0, a prothrombin time >15 sec, or a platelet count <100,000/mm3 on admission.
2.2. Outcome Assessments
The safety of acupuncture was assessed using a checklist (Table 1). Multiple needle insertions in the same patient during one procedure were considered a single session.
2.3. Ethical Approval
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital (KOMCIRB-170915-HR-038) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards set down in the Declaration of Helsinki.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The data were compared between the groups using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows version 18.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Continuous variables, including age and side effects, were compared between the groups using one-way analysis of variance and categorical variables were compared using the chi-squared test. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. Results
Review of the medical records identified 324 patients who had received acupuncture at the Stroke Center, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital, between January 2017 and September 2017. Only six patients were receiving warfarin, so they were excluded from the statistical analysis, leaving 316 patients who were assigned to group A (n = 28), group B (n = 145), or group C (n = 143).
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
There was no statistically significant difference in the sex distribution between the groups. However, there were significant differences in patient age (p < 0.001) and the numbers of patients with atrial fibrillation (p < 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.005), and diabetes mellitus (p=0.048) between the groups. The NOAC agents taken in group A were apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban. The antiplatelet agents taken in group B, in descending order of frequency, were aspirin as monotherapy, a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel, clopidogrel, or triflusal as monotherapy, and a combination of aspirin and triflusal. Two patients in group A were taking two antiplatelet agents concomitantly (apixaban and aspirin in one case and dabigatran and clopidogrel in the other; Table 2).
3.2. Side Effects of Acupuncture
In total, 1076 acupuncture sessions were evaluated in group A, 4574 in group B, and 4527 in group C (Table 3). The most common side effect was microbleeding; the incidence was not significantly different between the study groups (p = 0.084) and followed a descending order of group B, group C, and group A. Microbleeding was defined as bleeding that took from 10 s to 30 s to resolve. Most episodes of microbleeding stopped within 10 s to 20 s. There was no significant difference in the rate of cessation of microbleeding in 10–20 s between the two groups (p = 0.065). There were no serious adverse events, including no instances of massive hemorrhage.
4. Discussion
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of acupuncture in patients receiving NOACs after admission to the Stroke Center, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital. The side effects evaluated in the study were microbleeding, edema, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and vomiting, pneumothorax, needle fracture, skin rash, and pain.
The total incidence of side effects was 4.0% in group A, 6.9% in group B, and 5.5% in group C. There were no serious side effects, such as excessive bleeding or pneumothorax. The incidence of side effects was significantly lower in group A than in group B or group C. However, the incidence of adverse events in group A is not low compared to previous reports of acupuncture adverse event [17]. In addition, the incidence of most of the side effects, microbleeding, was not significantly different between the three groups. Therefore, we interpret group A as having similar risks as group B and group C.
As in a number of previous studies [10–16], there were no fatalities after acupuncture in the present study. The most common side effect was microbleeding that took less than 30 s to resolve after needle removal. The incidence of microbleeding was 3.9% in group A, 5.6% in group B, and 5.1% in group C; the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.084). In previous studies, the incidence of microbleeding was reported to be 8.4% in patients treated with acupuncture [16], so the incidence in all our study groups was lower than that in previous reports.
Kim et al [18] reported that the incidence of microbleeding after acupuncture was 4.8% in their warfarin-treated group, 0.9% in their antiplatelet-treated group, and 3.0% in their untreated group. The incidence of microbleeding was lower in the NOAC group than in the warfarin group when compared with the incidence in this study.
The incidence of microbleeding was 3.9% in the patients who received NOAC and occurred between 10 and 20 s after needle removal. The only other side effect reported was bruising, which occurred in one patient. Therefore, acupuncture administered by a specialist is safe and need not be contraindicated in patients taking an NOAC.
The main limitation of this study is its small sample size. The number of patients in the NOAC group was particularly small and the number of patients taking warfarin was so small that no comparisons involving warfarin could be made. Also, this study is a retrospective study. Practitioners already knew that patients were taking an NOAC. There is a possibility that this has shown carefulness in the procedure. Large-scale, well-designed, double-blind, prospective studies are needed to overcome these limitations. However, there were no significant side effects after acupuncture in the patients taking an NOAC, and there was no significant difference in the incidence of side effects between patients taking antiplatelet therapy and the controls. These results support the view that acupuncture is relatively safe in patients taking an NOAC.
5. Conclusions
These findings indicate that acupuncture is safe in patients taking NOACs. Further large and rigorous clinical trials are needed.
Data Availability
The data used to support the findings of this study is not available, because it is medical records.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Authors’ Contributions
Seungwon Kwon and Woo-Sang Jung contributed equally to this work as first authors.