Experiment design Isolated compound Result Reference (a) Anti-inflammatory activity in vitro ; Prostaglandin E2 determination assay by the radioimmunoassay Immortalized COX-1 and COX-2 mouse lung fibroblast cell; Aspirin (IC50 : 2.06 μ g/mL (COX-1), 3.57 μ g/mL (COX-2))Cerebrosides Ineffective [55 ] (b) Immunomodulating activity in vitro ; ConA-induced T cell, LPS-induced B cell, evaluation of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-γ ), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10); Splenocytes; Control on Th2 cytokines IL-4 (138.3 pg/mL) and IL-10 (1234.9 pg/mL)β -sitosterol) CN3 inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation the most (RP: 0.16) followed by CN2 (RP: 0.47), only CN1 inhibit B cell proliferation (RP: 0.77), all ineffective on Th1 cytokines, CN3 inhibit secretion of IL-4 (22.6 pg/mL) and IL-10 (63.9 pg/mL), CN3 significantly reduce activated helper T cells (54.3%) and activated cytotoxic T cells (62.2%) [45 ] (c) Anti-oxidant activity in vitro; DPPH scavenging assay; Vitamin C (IC50 : 22.589 μ g/mL)β -D -glucoside Compound 1: Ineffective 50 : 102.949 μ g/mL [49 ] in vitro; DPPH scavenging assay, FRAP assay; 1000 μ g/mL (stock); BHT (DPPH), Ascorbic acid (FRAP)(1) 76.05 ± 0.02%, (2) 72.84 ± 0.01% of DPPH inhibition, (1) 15.47 ± 0.03%, (2) 38.56 ± 0.02% of FRAP inhibition [53 ] (d) Anti-viral activity Anti HSV-1 assay in vitro ; HSV-1 virus strain; Vero cell; Acyclovir (IC50 : 2–5 μ g/mL)Cerebrosides Ineffective [55 ] Anti HSV-1 assay in vitro ; HSV-1F strain; Plaque reduction assay-direct, pre, post; 72 h; Vero cell; Acyclovir, Dextran sulfate (1 mg/mL)2 -hydroxy-(132 -R)-phaeophytin b 2 -hydroxy-(132 -S)-phaeophytin a 2 -hydroxy-(132 -R)-phaeophytin aDirect: All exhibited 100% inhibition 50 : 1.96 nM, 3.11 nM, and 3.11 nM, respectively, [107 ] Anti HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro; Plaque reduction assay-pre-, post-; 48 h (HSV-1), 96 h (HSV-2); Vero cells; Acyclovir (IC50 : 0.64 μ g/mL (HSV-1), 0.80 μ g/mL (HSV-2))Pre: Exhibited < 50% protective effect 50 : 36.00 μ g/mL (MGDG), 40.00 μ g/mL (DGDG), HSV-2: IC50 : 41.00 μ g/mL (MGDG), 43.20 μ g/mL (DGDG) [56 ] Anti-dengue virus assay in vitro ; DV2 strain 16681; Real time-PCR, immunofluorescence assay; direct, pre-, post-; 5 d; Dextran sulfate (pre-), Ribavirin (post-)2 -hydroxy-(132 -S )-chlorophyll b 2 -hydroxy-(132 -S )-phaeophytin b Compound 2 inhibit dengue viral 2 replication in direct and post- stages, other compounds ineffective in all stages. [108 ] (e) Anti-bacterial activity in vitro ; S. aureus, S. typhimurium ; μ g/μ L)β -D -glucoside Compound 1: Ineffective S. aureus: 18.33 mm inhibition value, MIC: 0.3125 mg/mL S. typhimurium : 20.33 mm inhibition value, MIC: 0.625 mg/mL [49 ] (f) Anti-cancer activity in vitro; SGC-7901 cancer cells; MTT assay; 48 h; 50, 100 and 200 μ g/mLPolysaccharide peptide complex: CNP-1-2 92.34 ± 0.94% of inhibition on cell growth at 200 μ g/mL in 48 h [59 ] in vitro ; A549 cells; MTT assay; 72 h2 -hydroxy-(132 -S )-chlorophyll b 2 -hydroxy-(132 -S )-phaeophytin b CC50 : (1) 43 μ g/mL, (2) 25 μ g/mL, (3) 50 μ g/mL, (4) 50 μ g/mL [108 ] (g) Cytotoxicity assay in vitro ; CVS assay; 72 h; Vero cells2 -hydroxy-(132 -R)-phaeophytin b 2 -hydroxy-(132 -S)-phaeophytin a 2 -hydroxy-(132 -R)-phaeophytin aMaximum concentration that is not toxic to Vero cell is: Compound 1 (5.89 μ M), 2 (6.21 μ M), 3 (6.21 μ M) [107 ] in vitro ; MTT assay; 48 h; Vero cells; 100–15000 μ g/mLMGDG: CC50 : 955.00 ± 7.00 μ g/mL 50 : 922.00 ± 4.00 μ g/mL [56 ]
