| Author
(year) | Participants group:n(f)/
mean age | Acupuncture groups | Control groups | Outcomes | Results | | Acupuncture | acupoints
number, duration | Control | acupoints
number, duration |
| | (1) Thomas et al. (1995) [17] | Primary dysmenorrhea
Acu: 17(17)/30.4
Con: 12(12)/27.8 | (a) MA
(b) EA (2Hz)
(c) EA (100Hz)
(d) Periosteal stimulation
(e) acu-TENS (2Hz)
(f) acu-TENS (100Hz) | (a), (b), (c), (d): BL32, CV4, SP6, 9
(e), (f): Spinous processes Thoracic 10-Lumbar 1
2, 20min | (g) Sham TENS (ns) | Spinous processes Thoracic 10-Lumbar 1
2, 20min | (1) Blood loss
(2) Vomiting
(3) Work hours lost
(4) Tablet intake
(5) Subjective assessment
(6) Total pain | Within group
(4), (5), (6) (a), (c), (d) improved
(5), (6) (b) improved
(4), (5), (6) (e) improved | | (2) Kotani et al. (2001) [19] | (1) Upper abdominal surgery
(A) 50(21)/52
(C) 48(18)/55
(2) Lower abdominal surgery
(B) 39(12)/55
(D) 38(13)/55 | (A) Patient 1 +MA
(B) Patient 2 +MA | (A) BL18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
(B) BL20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
1, 4 days | (C) Patient 1+sham MA (ni)
(D) Patient 2+sham MA (ni) | (C) BL18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
(D) BL20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26
1, 4 days | (1) Incisional, visceral pain
(2) Drowsiness
(3) Pruritus
(4) Nausea/Vomiting
(5) Adequacy of pain treatment
(6) Morphine intake
(7) Adrenal hormone | Within group
(1) (A), (C) improved
(6) (A), (B), (C), (D) decreased
Between groups
(1), (4), (6), (7) (epinephrine, cortisol) (A)<(C), (B)<(D) | | (3) Xing et al. (2004) [16] | IBS
+rectal distention
7(6)/44 | (a) acu-TENS (5Hz, 250ms) | (a) ST36, PC6
1, - | (b) TENS (5Hz, 250ms) | (b) non-acupoint
1, - | (1) Rectal tone
(2) Rectal compliance
(3) Rectal perception of gas, pain, desire to defecate | Within group
(1) (A), (B) decreased
(3) (A) decreased
Between groups
(3) (A)<(B) | | (4) Chu et al. (2012) [15] | IBS
+rectal distention
(A) 15(7)/42.3
(B) 15(8)/44.2 | (A) EA (10Hz, 0.5ms, 60v) | (A) ST36, 37, SP6
2, 30min | (B) Sham EA (ns) | (B) ST36, 37, SP6
2, 30min | (1) fMRI-rectal distention
(2) fMRI-A or B +rectal distention
(3) fMRI-rectal distention after (2)
(4) fMRI-A or B
(5) Rectal sensation | Within group
(1) (A), (B): ACC, pgCC, PFC, TH, INS, cerebellum, Temp
(A): (1)<(2) pgCC, ACC, PFC, SC, INS, Temp
(1)<(3) PFC, SC, Temp
(3)<(2) ACC, PFC, TH, INS, Temp
(B): (2)>(1) ACC, PFC, SC
(3)>(1) PFC, Temp, cerebellum
(2)>(3) Temp
(3)>(2) PFC
Between groups
(A)>(B): (2)>(1) in TH, INS
Correlation between (5) and brain activation in hypothalamus, TH, INS | | (5) Leung et al. (2013) [20] | Healthy
+rectal distention
(A) 20(12)/53.4
(B) 20(12)/53.9 | (A) acu-TENS (2Hz, 0.2ms) | (A) LI4, PC6, ST36
1, 45min | (B) Sham TENS (ns) | (B) LI4, PC6, ST36
1, 45min | (1) Tolerance to rectal sensation
(2) Rectal distention pressure
(3) Beta-endorphin | Between groups
(1), (2), (3) (B)<(A) | | (6) Juel et al. (2016) [21] | Healthy
+rectal distention
15(8)/27.6 | (a) MA | (a) CV4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, ST25, 26, 37, LI4 +non-acupoints
1, 30min | (b) Sham MA (ni) | (b) ST37, LI4
1, 30min | (1) Rectal distention volume
(2) Rectal pain
(3) EEG | Within groups
(1) (A), (B) increased | | (7) Juel et al. (2017) [18] | Chronic pancreatitis
15(7)/61.8 | (a) MA | (a) CV4, 6, 9, 10, 12, ST25, ST36, SP6, 8, 9, 15+non-acupoints
1, - | (b) Sham MA (ni) | (b) CV4, 6, 9, 10, 12, ST25, ST36, SP6, 8, 9, 15+non-acupoints
1, - | (1) Reduced pain score
(2) EEG | Between groups
(1) (B)<(A) |
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