|
| | Li et al. [39] | Weller et al. [40] | Peng et al. [41] | Chang et al. [37] | Karioti et al. [38] | Zheng et al. [36] | Patsilinakos et al. [42] |
|
| Study aim | Compare different eluents for optimal carotenoid extraction | Evaluate ZE esters, free ZE, and total ZE content in plant extracts as potential source of oleoresins | Quantify ZD in different goji berry species | Extract ZD | Achieve exhaustive extraction of total carotenoid and ZD | Compare different eluents for optional extraction of total carotenoid content | Use simplified extraction method of carotenoids/conduct colorimetric analysis |
| Goji berry samples | Fruit, freeze-dried | Fruit, heat-dried | Fruit, 2 g in 5 ml of water for 30 min and then ground | Fruit, freeze-dried/ground | Fruit, N2-freeze-dried and ground; juice; jam | Goji berry juice | Fruit, frozen and then unfrozen before use |
| Extraction | Petroleum ether/acetone (1 : 1) | Methanol/ethyl acetate/light petroleum (1 : 1 : 1) | Sonication petroleum ether/acetone extraction | Ultrasonic acetone extraction | Dried fruit: ultrasonication hexane/acetone (50 : 50) | Hexane/ethanol/acetone (2 : 1 : 1) | Ethanol-acidified water mixture/cyclohexane (1 : 1); ethyl acetate |
| Juice: ultrasonication hexane/acetone (40 : 60) |
| HPLC solvent | Acetonitrile/methylene chloride (60 : 42) | Petroleum/acetone (94 : 6) | Acetonitrile/dichloromethane (42 : 58) | Dichloromethane | Acetone/methanol (55 : 45) | NA | Acetone/methanol (80 : 20) |
| Quantification method | HPLC-UV-visible spectrophotometry | HPLC-DAD and LC-(APCI)MS | HPLC-DAD | HPLC + nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy | HPLC-DAD | UV-visible spectrophotometry | HPLC-DAD |
| Instrument | NR | HP 1100 modular system (Agilent 1100) | Agilent 1100 | NR | Agilent 1200 | Ultrasonic stirring apparatus (25 kHz, 400 W) | PerkinElmer Series 200 |
| Column chromatography | Skim-pack CLC-ODS (150 mm × 6 mm i.d.) with C18 reversed-phase column | YMC (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm i.d.) with C30 reversed-phase (10 × 4.0 mm i.d.) precolumn | Alltima C18 (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.) | (30 cm × 3 cm i.d.) and (30 cm × 10 cm i.d.) | Luna RP-C18 (5 μm, 150 mm × 4.6 mm) | NA | Luna (Phenomenax) PR-C18 (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm) |
| ZD recrystallization | NA | NA | NA | One sample used liquid antisolvent ethanol; another used CO2 supercritical antisolvent precipitation | NA | NA | NA |
| Saponification (Y/N) | N | Y, in sample intended to measure total zeaxanthin. Methanolic KOH used | N | N | N | Y, compared ZD content in saponified and nonsaponified samples | N |
|
