Review Article

Hepatoprotective Activity of Some Medicinal Plants in Sudan

Table 1

Sudanese hepatoprotective herbs.

Botanical namesPart usedExtracts used/dosageModel(s) usedParameters estimatedHistopathologyReferences

1. Acacia mellifera (Vahl)LeavesEthanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, GGT, ALP, bilirubin, TPCured the tissue lesions[21]

2. Adansonia digitata L.Fruit’s pulpMethanol (100, 200 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinMinimal necrosis and regeneration of hepatocytes compared with CCl4[22]

3. Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) WallBarkEthanol (200 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albuminLess hepatocyte vacuolation and cellular regeneration[23]

4. Argemone Mexicana L.Aerial partsMethanol, aqueous (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedSGOT, SGPT, ALP100 mg/kg methanolic extract more effective in healing liver parenchyma than other doses; 400 mg/kg aqueous extract showed a good result than the corresponding dose of methanol extract[24]

5. Balanites aegyptiaca L.BarkWater, methanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinBoth extracts decrease centrilobular degenerative changes[25]

6. Cannabis sativa L.SeedsPetroleum ether (1 and 0.5 ml/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin1 ml/kg: showed scattered areas of necrosis of the hepatocytes[26]
0.5 ml/kg: showed slight areas of necrosis and slight fatty change

7. Capparis decidua (Forsk.)StemsAqueous, methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinAqueous and methanolic extracts masked the liver fatty changes[7, 27]
BranchesMethanol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg)CCl4-induced, paracetamol-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin[28]
RootsEthanol (200 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albuminLess hepatocyte vacuolation and cellular regeneration[23]

8. Combretum hartmannianum (Schweinf)LeavesMethanol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg)CCl4-induced, paracetamol-induced.AST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin[28]

9. Dobera glabra (Forsk.)LeavesAqueous methanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinDiffuse centrilobuar necrotic lesions in liver cells[29]

10. Khaya senegalensis (Desr.)BarkAqueous (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albumin250 mg/kg: showed moderate necrosis of the hepatocytes and vacuolations[30, 31]
500 mg/kg: almost mild fatty changes in livers
BarkEthanol (200 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albuminMild histopathological changes in the liver[23]
BarkMethanol (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg).CCl4-inducedAST, ALT[32]
BarkMethanol (50 mg/kg)paracetamol-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albuminSection of methanolic extract-treated rats showing few vacuolation, reduced sinusoidal dilatation, and no congestion[33]

11. Kigelia africana Lam.SeedsAqueous (400 mg/kg), methanol (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALPCytoplasmic fatty vacuolation, haemorrhages, and necrosis of the centrilobular hepatocytes[34]

12. Lawsonia inermis L.LeavesMethanol (100 and 200 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total proteinShowed minimal necrosis and regeneration of hepatocytes compared with CCl4[35]

13. Lepidium sativum L.SeedsMethanol (200 and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin.Mild-to-moderate changes in hepatocytes in both doses[36]

14. Moringa oleifera Lam.LeavesAqueous (200 and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinSlight changes in liver cells[37]

15. Nigella sativa L.SeedsMethanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALPLess centrilobular vacuolation and inflammatory cell infiltration.[38]
SeedsAqueous (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total proteinLess hepatocyte changes[30]
SeedsMethanol (25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL) in vitroParacetamol-inducedBlood ions, ALT, AST, ALP, antioxidant enzymes, e.g., SOD, GSH, and MDAImprovement of lesions observed in CCl4 such as necrosis, loss of hepatocytes architecture, and cellular infiltration[39]
Methanol (100, 300, and 900 mg/kg) in vivo

16. Occimum basilicum L.Whole plantEthanol (200 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albuminLess vacuolated hepatocytes and cellular regeneration[40]

17. Phoenix dactylifera Linn.Pollen grain powderWater (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALPMild changes in hepatocytes[41]

18. Raphanus sativus L.SeedsMethanol, water (200 and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinMild-to-moderate changes in hepatocytes in both doses[42]

19. Solanum nigrum L.Whole plantWater, methanol (250 and 500 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinWater: small vacuoles were seen in centrilobular hepatocytes. In methanol, slight changes in the fat content of hepatocytes were seen.[43]

20. Sterculia Setigera Del.BarkEthanol, ethyl acetate (200 and 400 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubin, total protein, albuminShowed no stenosis (fatty changes in hepatocytes) and perivenular fibrosis compared with the CCl4 group.[44]

21. Tamarindus indica L.Fruit’s pulpEthanol (150 mg/kg)CCl4-inducedAST, ALT, ALP, bilirubinShowed slight fatty changes[45]