|
| Botanical name | Traditional name | Plant family | Active ingredients | Part used | Type of extract | Assessment methods | Bioactivities | Clinical use | Formulation | Commercial product |
|
| Aloe vera | Lu Hui | Asphodelaceae | Acemannan [40] | Leaves | Ethanol | Punch biopsy wounds in Sprague-Dawley rats [40] | Immunomodulatory [40]
Antiviral [40] | Wound healing [34] | Gel [323] | Aloe vera gel |
| Arctium lappa | Niu Bang Zi | Asteraceae | Arctigenin [324]
Arctiin [42]
Caffeic acid [42]
Chlorogenic acid [42]
Diarctigenin [42]
Inulin [42]
Lappaol F [49]
Tannin [42]
Trachelogenin 4 [42] | Leaves
Whole root | No extraction, whole leaves
Aqueous | Human burn wounds [53]
Canine dermal fibroblast adhesion assay [52] | Anticancer [49]
Antidiabetic [46]
Anti-inflammatory [45]
Antimicrobial [47]
Antiviral [48]
Hepatoprotective [50]
Radical scavenging [44] | Acne vulgaris [43]
Boils [42]
Burns [53]
Rashes [42]
Sore throat [42]
Wrinkles [51] | Ointment [53] | Not available |
Astragalus propinquus
Rehmannia glutinosa | Huang Qi
Di Huang | Fabaceae
Orobanchaceae | Astragaloside IV [57]
Calycosin [57]
Catalpol [57] | Roots | Aqueous | In vitro scratch wound healing and quantitative cell migration assays [59] | Anti-inflammatory [57]
Proangiogenic [57] | Diabetic foot ulcer [56] | Herbal drink [56] | Not available |
| Ampelopsis japonica | Bai Lian | Vitaceae | Catechins [325]
Epicatechin gallate [325]
Resveratrol [325] | Root tuber | Ethanol | Cutaneous scald injury in rats [63] | Anticancer [62]
Neuroprotective [61] | Antipyretic detoxicate [60]
Burns [60]
Ulcers [60] | Wound plaster (Patent: CN105748741A) | Hydrating Moisturizer |
| Andrographis paniculata | Chuan Xin Lian | Acanthaceae | Andrographolide [64]
Kalmeghin [64] | Leaves | Aqueous | Excision model in albinos Wistar rats [76] | Anticancer [66]
Antidiabetic [70]
Anti-inflammatory [69]
Antimalarial [73]
Antimicrobial [71]
Antioxidant [68]
Antiviral [72]
Hepatoprotective [74]
Hypotensive [75]
Immunostimulatory [66] | Dysentery [65]
Fever [64]
Snake bites [66]
Sores [67] | Paste (applied externally), juice (internally) [326] | Chuan Xin Lian Nei Zhi Di Wan (穿心莲内酯滴丸) |
| Angelica sinensis | Dang Gui | Apiaceae | Ferulic acid [83] n-Butylidenephthalide [86] | Whole plant | Ethanol | Cell line antioxidant activity assay [83] | Anticancer [80]
Anti-inflammatory [79]
Antioxidant [81]
Immunomodulatory [82] | Amenorrhea [78]
Dysmenorrhea [78]
Menstrual disorders [78] | Ointment [327]
Nanosilver hydrocolloid dressing [328] | Dang Gui Shao Yao San (当归芍药散) |
| Blumea balsamifera | Ai Na Xiang | Asteraceae | L-Borneol [92] | Leaves | Violate oil | Excision wound model in mice [92] | Antifungal [90]
Antiobesity [91]
Antiplasmodial [88]
Antitumour [89] | Beriberi [87]
Dermatitis [87]
Eczema [87]
Skin bruises [87]
Skin injury [87] | Oil | Blumea leaf oil |
| Boswellia sacra | Ru Xiang | Burseraceae | Boswellic acids [329] | Resin | Dry extract
Dry extract | Rabbit ear hypertrophic scar model of full-thickness scar defect [96]
Excision wound model in diabetic C57BL/6 mice [97] | Anticancer [329]
Antifibrotic [97] | Improvement of blood circulation [95]
Pain treatment [94]
Rheumatoid arthritis [93] | Spray [93] | Frankincense oil |
| Caesalpinia sappan | Su Mu | Fabaceae | Brazilin [103]
Sappanchalcone [103] | Roots
Roots | Ethanolic
Ethanol | In vitro antibacterial assay [102]
In vitro anti-inflammatory and wound healing assays [103] | Antiallergic [99]
Antibacterial [102]
Anti-inflammatory [100]
Viral neuraminidase inhibitory [101] | Improvement of blood circulation [98]
Pain treatment [98]
Oedema [98] | Tablets | Lukol™, Vicco Vajradanti™ |
| Calendula officinalis | Jin Zhan Ju | Asteraceae | Esculetin [108]
Quercetin-3-O-glucoside [108] | Flower
Flower
Flower | Hexane and ethanol
Hydroethanol
Hexane and ethanol | Scratch assay [107]
Excision wound model in BALB/c mice [109]
Punch wound model in rats [110] | Antibacterial [106]
Anticancer [106]
Antifungal [106]
Anti-inflammatory [106]
Antioxidant [106]
Antiviral [106] | Burns [105]
Dermatitis [105]
Wounds [104] | Topical spray [330]
Oil [331] | Calendula Herbal-Extract Toner
Plenusdermax® |
| Camellia sinensis | Cha Shu | Theaceae | Epcatechin-3-gallate [111]
Epicatechin [111]
Epigallocatechin [111]
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate [111] | Leaves
Leaves
Leaves | Methanol
Methanol
Ethanol | In vitro and in vivo keloid fibroblasts models [125]
NIH3T3 fibroblast proliferation assay [115]
Excision wound model in Sprague-Dawley rats [121] | Antiaging [116]
Anticarcinogenic [115]
Anti-inflammatory [113]
Antimicrobial [114]
Antiobesity [117, 118]
Antioxidant [112]
Cardioprotective [119]
Neuroprotective [120] | Angina pectoris [332]
Asthma [332]
Bacterial infections [332]
Cancer [332] | Oil | Tea tree oil |
| Carthamus tinctorius | Hong Hua | Asteraceae | Hydroxysafflor yellow A [130] | Seeds | Reflux | Antioxidant enzyme assay in zebrafish [333] | Anti-inflammatory [132]
Antioxidant [131]
Apoptosis-inhibiting [134]
Melanogenesis-inhibitory [129]
Proangiogenic [133] | Blood stasis [334, 335]
Osteoporosis [334, 335]
Promotion of bone formation [334, 335] | Oil | Safflower oil (红花油) |
| Celosia argentea | Qing Xiang | Amaranthaceae | Celosin I [139]
Celosin II [139] | Leaves | Ethanol | Rat burn wound model [137] | Antidiabetic [140]
Antimicrobial [141]
Antioxidant [138]
Hepatoprotective [139] | Skin sores [137]
Ulcers [137] | Poultice of stems and leaves (topically) [336] | Not available |
| Centella asiatica | Ji Xue Cao | Apiaceae | Asiaticoside [144]
Madecassoside [146] | Aerial parts | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water | Incision and partial-thickness burn wound models in rats [142] | Anti-inflammatory [142]
Antioxidant [142]
Proangiogenic [142] | Wounds [142] | Oral form (tablets, drops)
Topical medication (ointments and powder)
Injections (subcutaneous and intramuscular) [337, 338] | Madecassol® [143]
Centellase®
Blastoestimulina® [337]
Collaven® [338] |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Rou Gui | Lauraceae | Cinnamaldehyde [147] | Bark
Whole plant | Volatile oil
Ethanol | In vitro and in vivo angiogenic activity assay [147]
Excision wound model in rats [339] | Anticancer [151, 152]
Antidiabetic [340]
Anti-inflammatory [150]
Antimicrobial [341]
Antioxidant [342] | Analgesia [147]
Improvement of blood circulation [147] | Oil | Cinnamon cassia oil |
| Commiphora myrrha | Mo Yao | Burseraceae | Furanoeudesma-1,3-diene [165]
Terpene [165] | Leaves and resin
Resin
Leaves and resin | Dry extract
Dry extract
Dry extract | Excision wound model in diabetic rats [164]
Human recurrent aphthous stomatitis [165]
In vitro cell migration assay [166] | Analgesic [159]
Antibacterial [158]
Anti-inflammatory [157]
Antioxidant [156] | Gastrointestinal diseases [161, 162]
Wounds and pain [163, 165] | Oil | Myrrh essential oil |
| Curcuma longa | Jiang Huang | Zingiberaceae | Curcuminoids [170] | Rhizomes | Nanosuspension | Antioxidant analysis [343] | Antibacterial [344]
Anti-inflammatory [345]
Antioxidant [346] | Digestive diseases [347]
Liver disorders [347]
Menstrual difficulties [347]
Pain disorders [347]
Sprains [347]
Wounds [347] | Capsules [348] | Kordel’s Theracurmin™
BCM-95®, Theracurmin™, CurcuVIVA™, CurcuMIND, Long-vida RD CAVACURMIN®, Biocurcumax™ [349] |
| Daphne genkwa | Yuan Hua | Thymelaeaceae | Daphnodorin B [177]
Daphnodorin G [177]
Daphnodorin G 3ʺ-methylether [177]
Daphnodorin H [177]
Daphnodorin H 3-methyl [177]
Daphnodorin H 3ʺ-methylether [177]
Genkwanin [177]
Genkwanol A [177]
Yuanhuacine [350]
Yuenkanin [177] | Flower
Roots | Aqueous | Human wounds from anal fistula therapy [171] | Anti-inflammatory [175]
Antitumour [177]
Immunoregulatory [178, 179]
Melanogenesis inhibitory [172] | Coughs [174]
Wounds [171] | Not available | Not available |
| Entada phaseoloides | Ke Teng | Fabaceae | Tannin [182] | Stem skin and seeds | Ethanol | Acetic acid-induced mouse writhing experiment [351] | Antibacterial [180]
Antioxidant [181] | Aging [352]
Atherosclerosis [352]
Cancer [352]
Diabetes [352]
Neurodegenerative disorders [352] | Not available | Not available |
| Hibiscus rosa-sinensis | Zhu Jin | Malvaceae | Anthocyanins [353]
Flavonoids [353]
Polyphenolic acids [353]
Protocatechuic acid [353] | Flower | Ethanol | Excision, incision and dead space wound models in rats [187, 188] | Antibacterial [186] | Antitumour [353]
Hair growth [184] | Powder | Lustrous Henna® Shampoo powder |
| Ganoderma lucidum | Ling Zhi | Ganodermataceae | Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide [204] | Fruiting body
Fruiting body | Aqueous
Aqueous | Excision wound model in diabetic rats [190]
Full-thickness excision wound model in diabetic mice [204] | Antihyperlipidemic [197]
Anti-infective [192–194]
Anti-inflammatory [354]
Antioxidant [195]
Cardioprotective [196]
Immunomodulating [191] | Cancer [198]
Diabetes [200]
Hepatitis [189]
Leukaemia [189]
Ulcer [201] | Not available | Ganoderma lucidum spores powder capsules |
| Ligusticum striatum | Chuan Xiong | Apiaceae | Ferulic acid [206]
Ligustilide [206]
Senkyunolide A [206]
Tetramethylpyrazine [206] | Rhizome | Extracted by hydrodistillation | Hypertrophic scar rabbit model [208] | Antiatherosclerotic [355]
Antioxidant [356]
Neuroprotective [357]
Vasorelaxant [358] | Headache [206]
Ischemic disorders [205]
Menstrual disorders [207] | Not available | Chuanxiong chatiao Wan (川芎茶调丸) |
| Lonicera japonica | Jin Yin Hua | Caprifoliaceae | Biflavonoids [209]
Dicaffeoylquinic acid [209]
Phenolic acids [209]
Quercetin [209] | Flowering aerial parts | Ethanol | Rat excision wound model [212] | Anticancer [210]
Antihyperlipidemic [210]
Anti-inflammatory [211]
Antimicrobial [211]
Antioxidant [211]
Hepatoprotective [210] | Infectious diseases [209] | Essential oils [210] | Not available |
| Paeonia suffruticosa | Mu Dan | Paeoniaceae | Suffruticosides A, B, C, and D [359]
Galloyl-oxypaeoniflorin [359]
Galloyl-paeoniflorin [359] | Root bark | Water, ethanol-water | In vitro cell viability and proliferation assays [220] | Antidiabetic [218]
Anti-inflammatory [217]
Antioxidant [214]
Antitumour [216]
Neuroprotective [215] | Genital diseases [360]
Improvement of blood circulation [361] | Ointment | Winvivo (Puji) ointment |
| Panax ginseng | Ren Shen | Araliaceae | Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd [232] | Leaves
Leaves, root, and whole plant | Ethanol
Dichloromethane, ethanol, butanol, and methanol | Laser burn and excision wounds models in mice [236]
Cell migration and wound healing assays [221,237–239] | Antiaging [230]
Antiallergic [229]
Anticancer [227]
Anti-inflammatory [225]
Antimicrobial [228]
Antioxidant [226]
Immunomodulating [231] | Wound healing [221] | Not available | Ginseng Strong 200 mg
Ginsemax®
Ginseng Vita-Complex |
| Panax notoginseng | San Qi | Araliaceae | Notoginsenoside Ft1 [240] | Leaves, flower, roots, and rhizome | Steamed extraction | In vitro anticoagulation and antioxidation test; in vivo hemostasis and anti-inflammation test [362] | Angiogenesis-stimulatory [240, 241]
Anticancer [246]
Antidiabetes [247]
Anti-inflammatory [243]
Antioxidative [242]
Immunostimulatory [244]
Neuroprotective [245] | Trauma [240, 241] | Powder on wound
Spray on wound | San Qi Fen (三七粉)
Yunnan Baiyao (云南白药) |
| Polygonum cuspidatum | Hu Zhang | Polygonaceae | Emodin [260]
Polydatin [258]
Resveratrol [256] | Roots | Ethanol | Full-thickness excision wounds in rats [259] | Antiaging [256, 257]
Antibacterial [260]
Anticancer [256, 257]
Anti-inflammatory [256, 257]
Antioxidant [256, 257]
Antiviral [260]
Cardioprotective [256, 257] | Hepatitis [255]
Hyperlipemia [255]
Jaundice [255]
Scald [255]
Skin burns [255]
Suppurative dermatitis [255] | Capsules | Resveratrol supplement |
| Lithospermum erythrorhizon | Zi Cao | Boraginaceae | Arnebin-1 [264]
Shikonin [363] | Roots | Frozen and ground | Apoptotic effects against murine primary peritoneal macrophages [364] | Antiangiogenic [261]
Antibacterial [261]
Anti-inflammatory [261]
Antiscarring [263]
Antitumorigenic [261] | Wounds [264] | Oil formulations, gel [365] | Burt’s bee Res-Q ointment (神奇紫草膏) |
| Rheum officinale | Da Huang | Polygonaceae | Emodin [270] | Roots | Ethanol | Rat excisional wound model [270] | Antibacterial [265]
Anti-inflammatory [267]
Antioxidative [266]
Haemostatic [268] | Chronic kidney disease [269]
Hepatitis [265]
Wounds [270] | Pills | Dahuang Zhechong Wan (大黄蜇虫丸) |
| Rhodiola imbricate | Hong Jing Tian | Crassulaceae | Gallic acid [277]
p-Tyrosol [277]
Rosavin [277]
Rosin [277] | Rhizome | Ethanol | Rat excision wound model [274] | Anticancer [279]
Antioxidative [276]
Hepatoprotective [277]
Immunomodulatory [275]
Radioprotective [278] | Asthma [277]
Fatigue [277]
Hemorrhage [277]
Impotence [277]
Gastrointestinal diseases [277] | Not available | Not available |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | Dan Shen | Lamiaceae | Cryptotanshinone [366]
Danshensu [293]
Salvianolic acid B [293] | Leaves
Leaves | Aqueous
Aqueous | In vitro proliferative and angiogenic assays; second-degree burn wound model in rats [367]
Cell proliferation assay; in vitro assays for collagen and melanin synthesis [293] | Anticancer [291]
Anti-inflammatory [290]
Antimicrobial [289]
Antioxidant [286]
Antiplatelet aggregation [368]
Proangiogenic [367, 369, 370] | Blood stasis [371, 372]
Cardiovascular diseases [282] | Pills | Compound danshen dripping pills (复方丹参滴丸) |
| Sanguisorba officinalis | Di Yu | Rosaceae | Tannins [296]
Triterpenoid glycosides [296]
Triterpenoids [296] | Roots | Ethanol | Burn wound model in mice [296] | Antiallergy [300]
Anti-inflammatory [299]
Antioxidant [298]
Haemostatic [297]
Immunomodulatory [298] | Burns [299]
Chronic intestinal infections [373]
Haemorrhoids [373]
Menorrhagia [373]
Scalds [299] | Oral administration | Sanguisorba officinalis Mother Tincture |
| Sophora flavescens | Ku Shen | Fabaceae | Kushenol [374]
Sophoraflavanone B [374] | Roots | Cellulose column | Human liver LO2 proliferation and viability assay [375] | Analgesic [376]
Anthelmintic [376]
Antipyretic [376]
Skin whitening [376]
Stomachic [376] | Asthma [374]
Burns [374]
Dysentery [374]
Eczema [374]
Fever [374]
Hematochezia [374]
Inflammatory [374]
Jaundice [374]
Oliguria [374]
Vulvar swelling [374] | Gel | Kushen gel (苦参凝胶)
Gatuline® Spot-Light |
| Stemona tuberosa | Bai Bu | Stemonaceae | Tuberostemonine N [306] | Roots | Methanol | Mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 proliferation assay [309] | Antibacterial [307]
Anti-inflammatory [306]
Antioxidant [308]
Antitussive [305]
Neuroprotective [377] | Insect pests [307] | Not available | Not available |
| Wedelia trilobata | | Asteraceae | Kaurenoic acid [310]
Luteolin [311] | Leaves | Ethanol | In vitro antimicrobial assay, cell proliferation, and viability assays [310] | Antimicrobial [310]
Antioxidant [311]
Antitumour [311] | Arthritic painful joints [310]
Rheumatism [310]
Stubborn wounds [310] | Not available | Not available |
| Zanthoxylum bungeanum | Hua Jiao | Rutaceae | Afzelin [378]
Hyperoside [378]
Quercitrin [378]
Rutin [378] | Seed oil | Press extraction | Rat scald wound model [378] | Anaesthetic [314]
Antiasthma [318]
Anti-inflammatory [317]
Antoxidant [316]
Antitumour [315] | Skin wrinkles [321] | Cream | ZANTHALENE® |
|
