N° Family, Plant species, Habit Habitat Vernacular name Plant part (s) used Preparations Utilization method Pharmacological activity RFC Recorded literature use ACANTHACEAE 1 Blepharis ciliaris (L.) B. L. Burtt (CERSH-022)Perennial herb Sand dunes and plains Al-Zaghaf Lea, Roo, See Pow, Dec Decoction of leaves, roots and seeds is taken orally. The roots are ground to make a powder applied topically; eye drops Fever, astringents, appetizer, cough, asthma, wounds, sores, pruritic, injuries, liver and GIT diseases, diuretic, urinary diseases, menstrual pain, spleen disorder, eye pain 0.05 Vitiligo, sores, wounds, fever, cough, asthma, anti-inflammatory, cataracts, astringents, eye inflammation, appetizer, antitoxic, diuretic, lung diseases, liver and spleen disorder [4 –6 ] 2 Anisotes trisulcus (Forssk.) Nees (endemic) Shrub Fyfa Mountains Math Lea, flow Dec Boiling crushed fresh leaves and flowers in water and the water is taken orally Fever, malaria, diabetes, foot inflammation, oedema, hepatoprotective, neurological disorder, hepatitis 0.06 Diabetes, malaria, hepatitis, oedema, epilepsy, anaesthetic, hepatoprotective, jaundice, antibacterial, cytotoxicity [7 –9 ] 3 Avicennia marina Forssk Sub-shrub Along the shore-line Shoura Bar Inf Soaking crushed bark in water and the water is taken orally Smallpox, sores, pruritic, induce women infertility, diabetes 0.04 Smallpox, diabetes [10 , 11 ] 4 Peristrophe paniculata (Forssk.) Brummitt Annual Herb Tihama plains Madhiafa, thouem Who Inf Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally Anti-snake venom 0.02 Anti-snake poison [5 ] AGAVACEAE 5 Dracaena ombet Kot. & Peyr. (rare) Tree Fyfa mountains Azef, Meqr Aer, Res Ext, Pas, Pow Paste is applied topically for skin problems; the plant extract is taken orally for malaria, powdered resin is applied topically Skin infections, wounds, burns, injuries, haemorrhage, smooth the hair, allergy, malaria, spasm 0.03 Wounds, burns, hair, spasm, strengthening, allergy, malaria [10 ] AMARANTHACEAE 6 Achyranthes aspera L. Perennial herb Fyfa mountains Mahwat Who Pas, Ext Leaf paste is applied locally for skin diseases; root paste is applied on snake bite area, the plant extract is used for fever, abortion and labour pains and GIT diseases; gargle for toothache Fever, astringent, colds, stomach ache, diuretic, skin diseases, acne, anti-inflammatory, pruritic, snake and scorpion stings, abortion and labour pains, toothache 0.06 Pruritic, fever, snake bites, jaundice, stomach-ache, toothache, colds [5 , 12 ] 7 Suaeda aegyptiaca Hasselq Perennial herb Tihama plain and Farasan Islands Suwwad Lea Pas Leaf paste is applied topically Contagious skin diseases, blisters, sores, pruritic 0.02 Blisters and sores [4 ] 8 Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) Juss. ex Schultes Perennial herb Common in Tihama plains Al-Raa Roo, lea, flow, See Pow, Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically for skin diseases; soaking the crushed fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally Headaches, wounds, injuries, bruises, toothache, snake and insect stings, malaria, kidney stones, bone fractures, rheumatism, neurological disorders 0.09 Headaches, toothache, haemostatic, wounds, ulcers, anti-inflammatory, neurological disorder, rheumatism, GIT diseases, bone problems, haemorrhage, kidney problems [6 , 7 , 12 –15 ] 9 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult (CERSH-115)Perennial herb Near the stagnant waters of the wadis Al-Athlab Who Ext, Pas Root paste is applied on scorpion sting area Diuretic, GIT diseases; scorpion stings 0.02 Antimicrobial, scorpion sting [16 ] 10 Amaranthus viridis L. Annual herb Fyfa mountains Kaf Almehana, Qutaifa Who Pas, Dec Leaf used as emollient in scorpion stings Blood purifier, piles, GIT diseases, abortifacient, scorpion stings 0.04 Scorpion stings [17 ] APIACEAE 11 Anethum graveolens L. Annual herb Cultivated in gardens Shibt/ snout Lea, fru, Roo Inf Soaking crushed plant and the water is taken orally Postnatal problems, GIT problems 0.03 GIT diseases [14 ] 12 Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Perennial herb Mountains Shamr Roo, See Pow, Dec Boiling crushed fresh roots in water and the water is taken orally Body energizer, tonic, GIT diseases, spasm, blood purifier, malaria 0.04 GIT diseases, urological, neurological, gynaecological, blood and immune system, cough, spasm [14 , 18 ] 13 Cuminum cyminum L. Annual herb Cultivated in gardens Cumin See Inf or Dec, Pow Seeds powder applied externally; boiling crushed seeds in water and the water is taken orally GIT problems, urinary diseases, scorpion stings, diabetes 0.03 GIT diseases, gynaecological, endocrine and nutritional problems, respiratory problems [14 ] 14 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (CERSH-001)Shrub Cultivated in gardens Ajwain Who, See, oil Pow, Dec Boiling crushed seeds in water and the water is taken orally; Seeds powder applied externally; oil is given to expel hookworms. GIT diseases, hookworms, diarrhoea, asthma, coughs, influenza, cholera, kidney stones, urinary diseases, scorpion stings, SM disorders 0.04 GIT diseases, SM disorders, gynaecological, scorpion stings [14 ] APOCYNACEAE 15 Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. & Hook.f. Perennial herb Along watercourses Ghlotha See, Ste Pas, Pow Powder mixed with milk and applied externally, leaf paste is applied topically Malaria, respiratory and throat diseases, lung pains, scorpion stings and snake bites, chickenpox, smallpox, measles, pruritic 0.04 Chickenpox, smallpox, diabetes, measles, breast cancer [10 , 19 ] 16 Monolluma quadrangula (Forssk.) Plowes Perennial herb Mountains Ghalaf Lea Cook/ heated Heated on coal then cooked with spices and eaten; the fresh plant is eaten to treat gastric ulcers and diabetes Influenza, diabetes, spasm, gastric ulcers 0.03 Influenza, diabetes, spasm, gastric ulcers [10 , 20 ] 17 Ceropegia variegata Forssk. Decne. (endangered) Perennial herb Along watercourses Meyabesa Aer Pas Leaf paste is applied externally in the abdominal area Expel tapeworms 0.02 Taeniafuge [10 ] 18 Calotropis procera (Aiton.) W.T. Aiton Small tree Distributed in Tihama palin Ushar Flow, lea, Ste, lat Ext, Pas, lini, Pou Leaf paste is used to clean pain area. Leaf extract is applied directly against hair loss; Leaf paste and latex are used for locally for skin problems; poultice is applied on rheumatic pain Body energizer, fever, asthma, headaches, indigestion, cough, diarrhoea, toothache, leprosy, wounds, muscles problems, skin infections, boils, psoriasis, hair loss, scorpion stings, malaria, diabetes 0.08 Skin infections, psoriasis, hair loss, diabetes, leishmaniosis, analgesic, respiratory problems, scorpion stings, strengthening muscles, rheumatism [5 , 6 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 21 ] 19 Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne Shrub Sand dunes and plains Markh Who Inf, Pas, Ext Soaking crushed bark in water and the water is taken orally; crushed stems are applied to wounds; infusion of the whole plant mixed with butter milk is given for stomach disorders. Headaches, diuretic, stomach disorders, wounds, stop bleeding, kidney disorders, urinary retention, SM and gynaecological disorders 0.06 diuretic, smallpox, psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, diabetes, carminative, purgative, antitumor, hypolipidemic, anti-atherosclerotic [6 ] 20 Nerium oleander L. Small tree Cultivated in gardens Difla Lea, Roo Pas, Ext, Pou Extracts from leaves and roots are used internally; poultice is applied for skin problems. Skin diseases, scabies, pruritic, bronchitis, coughs, diuretic, anti-snake venom 0.06 Diuretic, emetic, bronchitis, coughs, scabies [6 , 18 ] 21 Rhazya stricta Decne. Shrub Tihama plains Harmal Lea, flow Pow, Pas Leaf paste is applied topically Rheumatism, allergy, improving bad breath, skin rash, pruritic 0.06 Tonic, stimulant, syphilis, allergy, GIT disease, anti-microbial, colon cancer, anti-inflammatory, rheumatism [4 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 19 ] 22 Carissa edulis Vahl (Forssk.) Shrub or small tree Fyfa Mountains A'rm, Airoon Lea, Fru Pow, Pas Berries are eaten raw; leaf paste is applied topically Anti-snake venom, parasitic worms, colic, toothache, menstrual pain 0.03 Anthelmintic, stomach disorders, antiscorbutic, toothache, astringent [22 ] 23 Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem & Schult. (rare, endemic) Shrub Rocky slopes at intermediate elevations Adnah Aer, lat Pow, Pas, Jui Powdered plant is applied externally on the head; the plant juice is dropped directly in the mouth; the use of plant milky latex is applied topically to skin diseases (lotion) Headache, GIT diseases, skin infections, rashes, pruritic, lice, muscle pain, dislocations, excites the sexual desire in women, venereal diseases, scorpion stings, teeth cleaning, pesticide 0.07 Headache, muscle pain, joint pain, kill lice, tonsillitis, skin diseases, cleaning the teeth, aphrodisiac, antiviral, antibacterial, venereal diseases [7 , 10 , 15 , 23 –26 ] ASPARAGACEAE 24 Sansevieria ehrenbergii Schweinf. ex Baker. Shrub Tihama plains Salb Aer Pow Powder is applied topically on skin affected areas Wounds, pruritic, injuries, insect bites, malaria 0.03 Wounds, insect bites [10 ] ASPHODELACEAE 25 Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Shrub Fyfa Mountains Al-Maguar, Sabar Lea, Roo Jui, Ext, Pas Leaf juice is given orally for menstrual trouble, treating gonorrhoea, liver and spleen disorders; leaf gel is applied topically for skin problems; paste is applied locally for rheumatism Fever, laxative, sunstroke, malaria, eczema, psoriasis, hair loss, gastric ulcer, liver pain, diabetes, menstrual troubles, gonorrhoea, spleen disorders, nerve pain, rheumatism 0.08 Skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis, laxative, sunstroke, stomach ulcer, pain of nerves, gonorrhoea, menstrual trouble, liver and spleen disorders, rheumatism [5 , 14 , 15 , 27 ] 26 Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Perennial herb Along watercourses Broque See, Roo Pas, Pou Poultice is applied for skin problems and rheumatism Skin diseases, wounds, anti-inflammatory, pruritic, rheumatism, colds 0.02 Eczema, alopecia, paralysis, earache [28 ] ASTERACEAE 27 Pulicaria undulata (L.) Kostel. Perennial herb Fyfa Mountains Gathgath Who Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically, infusion is taken orally for internal diseases Skin diseases, wounds, central nervous system depression 0.06 Central nervous system depression, antimicrobial, breast cancer, liver cancer, leukaemia, diuretic [6 , 19 , 23 ] 28 Pulicaria jaubertii Gamal Ed Din (CERSH-048)Perennial herb Tihama plains and Farasan Island Al-Arar/ Who Dec Soaking crushed leaves in boiled water and the water is taken orally Carminative, intestinal worms, digestive disorders, malaria 0.03 Anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antifungal, antimalarial, insecticidal [29 ] 29 Pulicaria schimperi DC. Annual or biennial herb Fyfa Mountains Sakab Lea Pas Leaf paste is applied topically to cure wounds and for hair Hair strengthening, wounds infection 0.03 Wounds [30 ] 30 Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. Shrub Desert lands Al-Arfaj Lea Pas, Dec Leaf paste is applied topically; decoction is used orally to treat diabetes and digestive troubles Respiratory and throat diseases, diabetes, allergy, oedema, digestive troubles, toothache, insect repellent 0.06 Diabetes, allergy, oedema, toothache, GIT disorders, antimicrobial [6 , 10 ] 31 Artemisia abyssinica Schultz-Bip (CERSH-121)Shrub Mountains Beithran, Al-obal Who Dec or Inf Decoction is used orally to treat diabetes, cough, cold, irritation of the throat and menstrual pain Appetizer, digestive troubles, parasitic worms, spasm, rheumatism, menstrual pain, diabetes, malaria, cough, cold, irritation of the throat 0.07 Appetizer, headache, diabetes, mellitus, cold, spasm, pharyngitis, insect repellent, anthelmintic, rheumatism, antibacterial, indigestion [5 , 7 , 10 , 23 ] 32 Artemisia sieberi Besser Shrub Mountains Shih Who Dec, Bur The whole plant is used as a smoke inhalant to treat various diseases; decoction from leaves are used orally as an anthelmintic GIT diseases, intestinal worms 0.04 Breast and liver cancer [19 ] 33 Chrysanthemum coronarium L. (CERSH-071)Annual herb Tihama palin Oukhouan Who Pas Leaf paste is applied topically; fresh roots are chewed Laxative, anti-inflammatory 0.03 Purgative, syphilis. Anti-inflammation [5 ] 34 Achillea biebersteinii Afan. Perennial herb Mountains Kaysoum/Aldefera/ Who Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically; an infusion form its leaves is used orally; chewing of fresh leaves relieves toothache Carminative, itching, insect repellent, urinary diseases, toothache, kidney inflammation, menstruation troubles, leishmaniosis 0.05 Leishmaniosis, insect repellent, toothache [7 , 23 ] 35 Conyza incana (Vahl) Willd. Perennial herb Fyfa Mountains Baithran, arfaj Lea Bur The smoke of burned leaves is used to repel insects and is inhaled nasally for relieving muscular pains Central nervous system depression, cardiac stimulation, muscular pains, insects repellent, malaria, leishmaniosis 0.03 Antifungal activity [23 ] 36 Xanthium strumarium L. Annual herb Along watercourses Who Dec, Cook Soaking crushed whole plant in boiled water and the water is taken orally Malaria, GIT disorders, stomach ache 0.02 Leukoderma, bites of insects, epilepsy, allergy, salivation, malaria, leprosy, rheumatism, tuberculosis, rheumatoid arthritis, diarrhoea, constipation, lumbago, pruritus, bacterial and fungal infections [31 ] 37 Osteospermum vaillantii Decne (CERSH-110)Shrub Moutains Annakad, Hechmat El-thore Who Inf Soaking crushed whole plant in water and the water is taken orally GIT diseases, liver disorders 0.02 Fever, stomach ailments and liver disorders 38 Picris cyanocarpa Boiss. Annual herb Tihama plains Hozan Who Dec Soaking crushed whole plant in water and the water is taken orally Lower blood pressure, cardiac stimulation, central nervous system stimulation, 0.02 Antioxidant properties [23 ] 39 Sonchus oleraceus L Annual herb Fyfa Mountains Uddaid Lea, flow Pas, Dec Leaf paste is applied topically; decoction applied orally to induce menstruation Induce menstruation, skin infection, sores, pruritic, scorpion stings 0.03 Skin diseases, sores [4 , 13 ] ASPARAGACEAE 40 Asparagus africanus Lam. Shrub Fyfa Mountains Smin, khurus theeb Aer Pas Leaf paste is applied topically, chewing of leaves relieves breathing problems Paralysis, skin diseases, pruritic, swelling, malaria, breathing problems 0.03 Malaria, leishmaniosis, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities [32 ] BORAGINACEAE 41 Heliotropium digynum Forssk. Shrub Sandy soil in Tiham plains Hettan, Raghel, Atana, Dafra Who Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally Skin diseases, liver pain, diuretic 0.03 Skin diseases [4 ] 42 Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk. (CERSH-027)Perennial herb Tihama palin Ramram Who, lea Dec, Pas Leaf paste is applied topically for snake bites; decoction applied orally is used for urinary problems Urinary diseases, snake bites, skin infections 0.04 Scorpion stings, skin diseases, tonsillitis [21 ] BURSERACEAE 43 Commiphora gileadensis (L.) Christ.(rare) Shrub Tihama plains and Farasan Island Al-bisham Bran, gum, Res Dec, Pas, Pou Poultice is applied for skin problems and bone fracture (topically); soaking crushed resin in water and the water is taken orally Toothache, respiratory diseases, anti-snake venom, bone fracture, leishmaniosis, nervous system disorders 0.05 Anti-snake poison, peptic ulcer, leishmaniosis, gynaecological diseases, respiratory diseases, neurological troubles [7 , 14 ] 44 Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl. (rare) (CERSH-005)Shrub Tihama plains Myrrha Res, gum, Bar Inf, Pas Oil leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed resin or bark in water and the water is taken orally Carminative, bone fractures, wounds, burns, pruritic, stomach pain, urinary tract infection, scorpion stings 0.05 Laxative, wounds, stomach pain, diarrhoea, urinary tract infection, scorpion stings, respiratory diseases, gynaecological infections, haemorrhage [10 , 12 , 14 , 21 ] BRASSICACEAE 45 Matthiola Arabica Boiss. Annual herb Tihama plains along watercourses Soqar See Inf Soaking crushed seeds in water and the water is taken orally; the seeds are eaten raw Anaemia 0.02 Anaemia [10 ] CACTACEAE 46 Opuntia ficus-indica Mill (CERSH-006)Shrub Cultivated in gardens Barshoum Ste, Fru Dec Soaking crushed stems in boiled water and the water is taken orally Diabetes 0.03 Diabetes [21 ]. CAPPARIDACEAE 47 Capparis spinosa L. Shrub Tihama plains Shafallah Lea, Roo Dec, Pas Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed leaves and roots in boiled water and the water is taken orally Urinary diseases, kidney stones, GIT problems, parasitic worms, diuretic, skin diseases, anti-inflammatory, rheumatism, diabetes, splenomegaly, induce menstruation 0.06 Dermatitis, diarrhoea, diabetes [5 , 7 ] 48 Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Edgew (rare)(CERSH-051)Shrub Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Tandhab Who Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally Carminative, laxative, fever, intestinal worms, leprosy, sores, ear pain, diabetes, rheumatism, aphrodisiac, induce menstruation 0.05 Coughs, appetizer, asthma, fever, boils, anti-inflammatory; cardiac troubles, analgesic, biliousness, alveolaris, pyorrhoea, purgative, diabetes, anthelmintic, hypercholesterolemia, antimicrobial [33 ] 49 Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk. Shrub Tihama plains Kathab Lea Inf Soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally Rheumatism, urinary diseases 0.02 Antibiotic [12 ] 50 Cadaba farinosa Forssk Shrub Abu-Arish Tihama plains Asaf, Qusaia, Azan-al-arnab Lea Pas, Dec Leaf paste is applied topically on the head; decoction from leaves is taken orally Parasitic worms, liver pains, dysentery, induce menstruation, cough, lungs problems, nervous system disorders 0.04 Hepatoprotective, sores, wounds, hydrocephalus, haemorrhage antioxidant activities [12 ] CARYOPHYLLACEAE 51 Minuartia filifolia (Forssk.). Mattf. (CERSH-095)Perennial herb Mountains Oud Al-Halaba Bar Pas, Dec Leaf paste is applied topically, decoction from bark is taken orally Promote women fertility, snakes bites 0.02 CLEOMACEAE 52 Cleome viscosa L. Annual herb Fyfa Mountains Om -Hanif Who Pas, Dec Leaf paste is applied topically; decoction from crushed fresh leaves is taken orally Intestinal worms, stomach ache, anti-inflammatory, skin diseases, wounds, leprosy, malaria, ear pain, snake bites 0.05 Anthelmintic, wounds, analgesic, carminative, anticonvulsant, antitumor, antidiarrheal, antiemetic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective [12 ] 53 Cleome amblyocarpa Barratte & Murb.(CERSH-104)Annual herb Tihama plains Khunayzah/ ouffina Who Dec Decoction from crushed plant is taken orally Insecticide, scabies, rheumatism, kidney problems, sexual stimulator 0.03 Rheumatism, rheum, scabies, rheumatic fever, anti-inflammatory [6 ] 54 Cleome gynandra L. Annual herb Along watercourses and mountains Oyfiqan Roo, lea, See Dec Boiling crushed fresh leaves and roots in water and the water is taken orally Appetiser, carminative, ear pain, splenomegaly, muscles problems, scorpion stings 0.04 Muscle weakness, diabetes, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular diseases [10 , 34 ] 55 Cleome brachycarpa Vahl ex DC (CERSH-068)Perennial herb Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Birbran lea Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally Appetizer, carminative, stomach irritant, skin diseases, scabies, leprosy 0.03 Diuretic and astringent, narcotic and stomach irritant, foot problems [6 , 12 ] COMBRETACEAE 56 Combretum molle R.Br. ex G. Don. (CERSH-029)Shrub or small tree Fyfa Mountains Althu’ab Gum - The gum is eaten raw Cause women infertility, digestive disorders, stomach ache, malaria 0.03 anti-inflammatory, infections, diabetes, malaria, bleeding, diarrhoea, digestive disorders, diuretic, anti-Trypanosoma, anthelmintic [7 , 35 ] CUCURBITACEAE 57 Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. (CERSH-008)Perennial herb Along watercourses Hundhal Fru, See, lea Dec Half the fresh fruit is applied topically; decoction of leaves and seeds is used orally. Laxative, scorpion stings and snakes bites, insect bites, leishmaniosis, vitiligo, skin infections, rabies, GIT diseases, rheumatism 0.08 Laxative, analgesic, skin infection, hair dye, scorpion, dog, insect and snake bites, vitiligo, GIT diseases, larynx cancer, leukaemia [4 , 6 , 13 , 14 , 19 , 21 ] CUPRESSACEAE 58 Juniperus procera Hochst. Ex. Endel. (CERSH-052)Tree Al Hashar mountains Alar’ar Lea, fru Inf, Bur Soaking crushed fruits in water is taken orally; leaves are applied on burning charcoal and smoke is inhaled nasally Skin infections, warts, toothache, spasm, cold, flu 0.03 Spasm, gout, cold, pharyngitis, urological disorder [7 , 14 ] EUPHORBIACEAE 59 Ricinus communis L. Shrub Widely distributed in Tihama plains Kharwah Who, oils Lini, Pow, Ext, Jui, Pou Leaf and root powders are applied topically on wounds; root extract is given to treat asthma, bronchitis and rheumatism; poultice of leaves applied locally; seed oil is applied topically Boils, sores, warts, wounds, intestinal worms, dysentery, inhibit menstruation, enhance the lactation process, rheumatism, joint pain, bad breath, toothache, asthma, bronchitis, scorpion stings 0.07 GIT diseases, dysentery, asthma, warts, wound, skin diseases, boils, sores, SM, bronchitis, Joint pain, cracks of feet, rheumatism [4 , 5 , 14 ] 60 Euphorbia schimperiana Scheele (CERSH-123)Small tree Fyfa Mountains Lubbana Who, lat Ext, Dec, lini An extract of leaves and roots is used topically; soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally Laxative, respiratory and throat diseases, coughs, asthma, wounds, skin infections, anti-snake venom, ear pains 0.04 Cavernous stinking wounds [7 ] 61 Euphorbia retusa (Forssk.) Perennial herb Ghazalah/ Lat Lini Latex is used topically Nervous system depression, asthma, eczema, wounds, warts, leishmaniosis 0.03 Anorectal diseases, colon diseases, fissures, cracks, fistulas, abscesses, haemorrhoids, inflammatory bowel disease [36 , 37 ] 62 Jatropha glauca Vahl. Shrub Fyfa Mountain Kharat, Orouq Aobab Lea, See, Ste Pow, Dec, Pas Soaking crushed fresh leaves in water and the water is taken orally; the paste is used topically; powder of white stems is used topically Chronic skin diseases, enhance the lactation process, asthma, allergy, malaria 0.03 Asthma, leukoderma, allergy, haemorrhoids [10 , 12 ]. 63 Acalypha fruticosa (Forssk). var. fruticose Shrub or tree Along watercourses and Thefran, anama Lea, Roo Pas, Dec, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking the crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally or used as nose drops; a root decoction/infusion is taken orally for fever and constipation; stems or roots are chewed for toothache Fevers, toothache, eye infections, bee stings, malaria, typhoid, liver problems, constipation, wounds, skin infections, sores, colds, cough, haemorrhage 0.06 Malaise, fevers, colds, cough, tooth decays, eye infections, haemorrhage, wound, skin infections, diphtheria, malaria, typhoid, liver problems, stomach ache, convulsions, constipation [5 , 12 , 15 ] 64 Acalypha indica L. Annual herb Along watercourses and Abadil Mountains Who Pas Leaf paste is applied topically Bronchitis, asthma, pneumonia, scorpion stings 0.03 Ganglions [12 ] 65 Chrozophora oblongifolia (Delile) A. Juss. ex Spreng. Sub-shrub Along watercourses Tannoum Lea, Ste Ext Stem or leaf extract is used topically GIT problems, cathartic and emetic 0.02 Antimicrobial, antioxidant [38 ] FABACEAE 66 Tamarindus indica L. Tree Fyfa Mountains Tamur Hindi Fru, See Dec Boiling crushed fresh fruits in water and the water is taken orally Laxative, headache, ear pain, smallpox, scabies, sores, wounds; blood diseases, antihypertensive, liver pain, intestinal worms, bone fractures, snake bites 0.07 GIT diseases, skin diseases [14 , 15 ] 67 Alhagi graecorum Boiss Shrub Tihama plains Aqool Who Dec A decoction made from seeds is used orally Anthelmintic, constipation, leprosy, anti-inflammatory, kidney stones, blood diseases, blood purifier; sexual enhancement, rheumatism 0.04 Cataracts, jaundice, migraine, painful joints, aphrodisiac, bilharzias, rheumatism [6 ] 68 Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf. (CERSH-054)Shrub or tree Fyfa, mountains Al-orfet Lea Inf, Pas Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally; leaf paste is applied topically Severe fever, allergy, skin diseases, scorpion stings, hepatitis 0.04 Food poisoning, wound infections [12 ] 69 Acacia tortillis (Forssk) Shrub or tree Along watercourses and Fyfa Mountains Alsomer Bran, Roo, honey Dec, Pas, Bur The shoots and roots are burned and smoke is inhaled nasally; scorched leaves/roots are applied topically; toothbrush Ulcers and deep wounds, anti-inflammatory, teeth cleaning 0.03 Teeth cleaning, ulcers and gangrene, wounds dry coughs, coughs, diphtheria [7 , 12 ] 70 Acacia ehrenbergiana HayneShrub or tree Along watercourses Assalam Lea, Bar Pas, Inf Leaf paste is applied topically and grinded leaves in water is used to wash the eyes GIT diseases, eye infections 0.03 Injuries, wound infections, eye infections [12 ] 71 Acacia seyal Del. Shrub or Tree Fyfa Mountains Talh, Sanat Sayel Bar, Gum, Roo Inf Soaking crushed bark or root in water and the water is taken orally Burns, stop bleeding, Leprosy, stomach ache, after abortion 0.03 Stop bleeding, stomach ache, dysentery, after abortion [4 , 12 ] 72 Astragalus spinosus Vahl. Shrub Mountains Katad Who Dec Boiling crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally Leukaemia, skin diseases, wounds, scorpion stings 0.02 Scorpion stings [21 ] 73 Senna alexandrina Mill. Shrub Along watercourses Sana, Eshriq Lea, See Dec, Pas Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally Laxative, skin diseases, GIT diseases, constipation, abdominal pain, stomach cramps 0.07 Injuries, skin diseases, constipation, stomach cramps, abdominal pain, gynaecological [6 , 10 , 12 , 14 ] 74 Tephrosia apollinea (Delile) Link Shrub Mountains Who Dec Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally Lower blood pressure, cardiac stimulation, cough, bronchitis, bone fractures, ear ache 0.03 Anti-bacterial; ear ache, bronchitis, cough, wounds bleeding, bone fractures, dysentery, diarrhoea [6 , 12 , 23 ] LAMIACEAE 75 Plectranthus asirensis J.R.I Wood (rare, endemic) Shrub Fyfa, Mountains Shar Elkrood, sana’abur Who Dec, Pas Boiling crushed fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally; paste of fresh leaves are placed topically on wounds to avoid infection Sore throat, rash, itching, wounds, malaria 0.03 Intestinal disturbance, respiratory disorders, heart diseases, liver fatigue, malaria, central nervous system disorders, antiseptic, wounds [39 –41 ] 76 Origanum majorana L. Sub-shrub Cultivated in gardens Bardakush Who Dec Boiling crushed fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally Headaches, analgesic, asthma, cough, rheumatism 0.04 Analgesic during labour- inflammation of the uterus [10 ] 77 Lavandula dentata L. Shrub common on Mountains Dhurum Flow Inf, tea Infusion of fresh plant in water and the water is taken orally; leaf extract in tea is taken orally Urine retention, kidney stones, ureter stones, bowel disease 0.02 Wounds, diuretic, carminative, antiseptic, rheumatism, bronchopulmonary infections [42 ] 78 Nepeta deflersiana Schweinf. ex Hedge (CERSH-118)Perennial herb Mountains Shaya’a Who Tea Leaf extract in tea is taken orally Sedative or tranquilliser, stomach problems 0.03 Anti-inflammatory, carminative, ant-rheumatic [43 ] 79 Ocimum basilicum L. Annual herb Cultivated in gardens Rayhan Lea, Roo, See Dec, Pas, Jui, Tea Decoction taken orally for internal use and as spices; paste of leaves are placed topically on bruises to avoid infection; leaf paste is applied topically on snake bites; leaf and root juice are given orally to cure dysentery; leaves mixed with tea used to allay upset stomach, cold, and fever. Fever, cough, bruises, ulcers, skin diseases, GIT diseases, diarrhoea, ringworms, ear ache, spasm, urinary diseases, kidney disorders, internal piles, anti-snake venom 0.06 Spasm, stomach ulcer, dysentery, respiratory, parasites, ear ache [5 , 10 , 12 , 14 ] 80 Marrubium vulgare L. Perennial herb Mountains Zagome Lea Pow, Dec Leaf powder is used topically to treat wounds; decoction is used orally for treating menstrual pain and urinary diseases Body energizer, intestinal worms, hepatitis, dyspepsia, menstrual pain, absence of a menstrual period, urinary diseases, tuberculosis, chronic bronchitis 0.04 Wounds, coughs [15 ] 81 Teucrium yemense Deflers (endemic) (CERSH-097)Perennial herb Al-Abadil and Fyfa Mountains Rechal Fatima Who Inf Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally Diabetes, kidney problems, anthelmintic, rheumatism 0.03 Insect repellent, spasm, kidney disease, rheumatism, diabetes [27 ] LYTHRACEAE 82 Lawsonia inermis L. Shrub Cultivated or wild Henna Lea Inf, Pow Leaf infusion is used orally; leaf powder is used as a dye for women Urinary tract infection, skin protection, diabetes, scorpion stings, nerve pain and nervous system disorders 0.04 Antifungal, urinary tract infection, skin protection, neurological and SM disorders [9 , 10 , 14 ] MALVACEAE 83 Abutilon Pannosum (Forest.) Schlecht (CERSH-057)Shrub Farasan Islands and Along watercourses Rayn See, Bar Ext, Inf The extracts and infusion of seeds and bark in water are applied orally to treat most of the diseases Sedative, fever, psoriasis, cleaning wound, skin ulcer, diabetes, anaemia, GIT diseases, diuretic, diarrhoea, urinary diseases, pulmonary problems, cough, bronchitis, vaginal infection, gonorrhoea bladder disorders 0.06 Diuretic, dysentery, fever, sedative, diarrhoea, cough, gonorrhoea, bronchitis, pile grumbles, pulmonary problems, cleaning wound and ulcer, vaginal infection, anaemia, diabetes, bladder problems, haemorrhoids [5 , 6 , 23 ] 84 Malva parviflora L. Annual herb Tihama plains Khobaiza Who Inf. Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally; fresh leaves is chewed to treat respiratory and throat diseases Laxative, respiratory and throat diseases, cough, bronchitis, diabetes, intestinal ulcers, hair growth, constipation, scorpion stings 0.06 Laxative, hair growth, cough, constipation, skin burns, urinary tract infection [13 , 14 , 18 ] MELIACEAE 85 Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Small tree Along watercourses Neem Who Dec, Pas Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally, plant past is used topically for scorpion stings GIT diseases, gastric ulcers, scorpion stings, diabetes 0.04 GIT diseases, antifungal, antipyretic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, diabetes, anti-arthritic, gastric ulcer [9 , 14 ] MORACEAE 86 Dorstenia foetida Schweinf. (endangered) Sub-shrub Fyfa Mountains Arkouth, Om-lakef Lat Inf, Lat Infusion and latex is used topically (lotion) GIT diseases, Leishmaniosis 0.02 Leishmaniosis [7 ] 87 Ficus palmata ForsskSmall tree Fyfa Mountains Al-Hamat Who, lat Lat Fruits are eaten; latex is used topically kidney and bladder problems, gastro-intestinal diseases, warts 0.03 Warts, GIT diseases [7 , 14 ] 88 Ficus carica L. Small tree Tihama plains Teen Lea, fru Dec, Pas, Lat Fruits are eaten raw; decoction of fruit in water is taken orally; leaf paste is applied on face to lighten freckles Laxative, kidney infections, kidney stones, GIT diseases, scorpion stings 0.03 Laxative, cough; lighten freckles [5 ] MORINGACEAE 89 Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori (rare) (CERSH-013)Tree Tihama plains Al-Ban Lea, See oil, gums Dec, Pas, oil Decoction and oil from the seeds is taken orally; grind the leaves in water and wash the eye Laxative, headache, incurable wounds, burns, abdominal and colon pains, constipation, diabetes, eyes pain, anaemia, sciatic pain, SM disorders 0.07 Headaches, fever, burns, wounds, colon, eyes pain, anaemia, joints pains, backache, diabetes, sciatic pain, conjunctivitis [4 , 7 , 10 ] MYRTACEAE 90 Myrtus communis L. Shrub Tihama plains Al-A’s/Hadass Lea, Bar Inf, Pas Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally (or gargle) to cure respiratory and intestinal problems; bark is chewed; leaf paste is applied topically for skin problems Deep wound diseases, GIT diseases, liver disorder, asthma, cough, mouth ulcers, scorpion stings, cardiovascular problems, leishmaniosis 0.07 Asthma, cough, respiratory problems, gangrene, pharyngitis, leishmaniosis, blood and immune system [7 , 14 ] 91 Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (CERSH-058)Tree Tihama plains Khafour Lea Bur The leaf is roasted on the heated tool and the smoke is inhaled Abortion 0.02 Antimicrobial, spasmolytic [13 ] NITRARIACEAE 92 Peganum harmala L. Perennial herb Tihama plains Harmal Who Bur The whole plant is used as a smoke inhalant to treat various diseases Toothache, intestinal worms, rheumatism, skin diseases 0.03 Sheep fertility [18 ] OLEACEAE 93 Jasminum sambac Linn Small shrub Cultivated in gardens Al-Fill Fru, flow Dec, Bur Decoction of fruit and flowers in water is taken orally; inhalation of the flowers Intestinal worms, skin diseases, skin rashes, leprosy, ulcers, heighten sexual desire 0.03 Liver diseases, cirrhosis, diarrhoea, heighten sexual desire, skin rashes, sun burn, analgesic, antimicrobial, wound healing [25 ] 94 Olea europaea L. ssp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Ciferri.(CERSH-059)Tree Mountains Al-etem Oil, lea, Bar Inf, Pas lini Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally; fresh leaves is chewed, soaking leaves in water and water is used as mouthwash, paste and oil is used topically Liver diseases, oesophageal irritation, ulcers, oedemas, oral thrush, dental caries, warts, skin smoothing, leprosy, smallpox, scabies, diabetes, leishmaniosis, rheumatism 0.05 Rheumatism, leishmaniosis, skin diseases of camels, diabetes, mellitus and hypertension, gonorrhoea [7 , 12 ] PAPAVERACEAE 95 Fumaria parviflora Lam Annual herb Tihama plains and Mountains Shahtaraj Aer Inf, lini Soaking crushed aerial parts in water and the water is taken orally Intestinal worms, diuretic, urinary diseases, blood purifier, spleen disorder, leprosy, scabies, eczema, acne, lungs diseases 0.05 Diuretic, laxative, blood purifier, scabies, eczema, acne, skin disorders [5 ] PLANTAGINACEAE 96 Plantago major L. Perennial herb Tihama plains Lissan Jamal Roo, lea Dec, Pow Decoction of fresh plant in water is taken orally, leaf powder is used topically for skin diseases Urinary diseases, blisters, boil, wounds, malaria, scorpion stings 0.03 Blisters, boil and wounds [4 ] PLUMBAGINACEAE 97 Limonium axillare (Forssk.) O. Kuntze (CERSH-099)Shrub Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Qattaf Who Dec Decoction of fresh plant in water is taken orally Central nervous system depression 0.02 Diarrhoea, astringent [6 , 23 ] POACEAE 98 Saccharum spontaneum L. Perennial grass Along watercourses Half Who Jui Juice of whole plant is used orally Urinary diseases, skin diseases, tuberculosis 0.03 Anaemia, vomiting, abdominal disorders, obesity, astringent, emollient, diuretic, tonic, dyspepsia, burning sensation, piles, respiratory troubles, antidiarrheal, anti-urolithiatic activity [44 ] 99 Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. ex Asch. & Schweinf. (CERSH-015)Annual grass Tihama plains and Mountains na’eem el-saleeb, rigl Al-harbaya Roo, lea Pas, Ext, Dec The leaf paste in water is applied topically; Ext of the plant is taken orally; decoctions of seeds is given orally for postnatal problems GIT diseases, gastric ulcer, kidney diseases, biliary and urinary ailments, skin inflammation, small pox, lesion, sores, postnatal problems 0.03 Astringent, bitter tonic, anti-anthelmintic, wounds, smallpox, GIT, biliary and urinary ailments, polyurea fevers, spasm of maternity, renal infections, immune-deficiency, gastric ulcers [45 , 46 ] POLYGONACEAE 100 Rumex nervosus Vahl. Shrub Fyfa Mountains Al-athrub Lea, Roo, See Pow Seeds roasted and used topically for the treatment of dysentery and snake bites; leaves and seeds are eaten raw; chewing of the leaves Appetizer, astringent, diarrhoea, diuretic, stoop bleeding, burns, dental pain, diabetes, dysentery, scorpion and snake bites 0.06 Diabetes, asthma, diarrhoea, diuretic, dental pain, wounds, dysentery, scorpion stings and snake bites, appetizing, astringent [5 , 7 , 47 ] 101 Rumex vesicarius L. Annual or perennial, rhizomatous herb Al-Hashar Mountains Al-Hommad See, lea - The leaves and seeds are crushed and eaten raw Wounds, spasm, muscle cramp, diuretic, dysentery, toothache, scorpion stings and snake bites 0.07 Toothache, antiemetic, leukaemia, breast, lung, central nervous system cancers, scorpion stings [6 , 7 , 13 , 19 ] 102 Emex spinosa (L.) Campd. Annual herb Fyfa Mountains Hambaaz Lea, Roo - The leaves and roots are edible (chewing) Dyspepsia, GIT disorders 0.03 Appetizer, dyspepsia, diuretic [13 ] RANUNCULACEAE 103 Clematis wightiana Wall. ex Wight & Arn. (CERSH-016)Climber Fyfa Mountains Threeja, Alharya Who Pas The leaf paste in water is applied topically Skin diseases, leprosy, cardiac depression, varicose veins, bone fracture, rheumatism 0.03 Rheumatism, headaches, varicose veins, syphilis, gout, bone problems [23 ] RHAMNACEAE 104 Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Willd (CERSH-113)Tree Fyfa mountains and along watercourses Seder, Arq Lea, Fru, See Dec, Inf. Decoction of the plant is used orally for GIT problems; crushed seed kernels are eaten raw; chewing fresh leaves to relieve mouth problems Scabies, measles, sores, wounds, lice, hair tonic, allergy, rabies, antidandruff; toothache, stomach ache, liver problems, headache, insect bites, leishmaniosis, spasm, rheumatism, urinary troubles, diabetes, anaemia 0.08 Duodenum and stomach ache, allergy, chest pain; scabies, itching, sores, wounds, bruises; insect bites, diabetes, spasm, strengthening hairs, antidandruff, mouth problems [4 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 21 , 48 ] RHIZOPHORACEAE 105 Rhizophora mucronata Lam. Small tree Tihama plains Kindale Bar, Roo, lea, fru, flow Dec, Pas Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally Diabetes, GIT diseases 0.02 Diabetes, diarrhoea, anti-inflammatory hepatitis [11 ] RUTACEAE 106 Ruta chalepensis L.Perennial herb Cultivated in gardens or wild in Fyfa Mountains El - shathab Lea, Ste Dec Soaking crushed leaves in water and the water is taken orally Headache, fever, ear pain, vitiligo, measles, snake bites, menstrual pain, skin diseases, rheumatism, GIT diseases 0.08 Snake bites, ear, neurological, diphtheria, respiratory diseases [7 , 12 , 14 ] RUBIACEAE 107 Coffea arabica L Small tree Cultivated on Mountains Bone See Pow Heat crushed seeds and apply topically Fever, tonic, headache, malaria, kidney disorders, kidney inflammation 0.03 Haemorrhage, asthma, flu, atropine-poisoning, sores, stimulants fever, headache, jaundice, malaria, vertigo migraine, narcosis, nephritis [5 ] SALVADORACEAE 108 Salvadora persica L. Shrub or Small tree Tihama plains and foothills Al-Arak Fru, Roo Cook Roots are used as toothbrush; fruits are eaten raw; cooked leaves for kidney problems Teeth cleaning, kidney diseases and stones, spleen disorder, rheumatism, snake bites 0.05 Snake bites, epilepsy, rheumatism, skin diseases, toothbrush, gonorrhoea, spleen troubles, stomach ulcer [7 ] SAPINDACEAE 109 Dodonaea viscosa JacqSmall tree Fyfa Mountains Shath Lea Pas, Pow Leaf powder is used for treating toothache; leaf paste is applied topically for skin problem Rheumatism, toothache, wounds, burns, malaria, leishmaniosis 0.03 Toothache, burns, wounds leishmaniosis [4 , 6 , 7 ] SOLANACEAE 110 Solanum incanum L Shrub Fyfa Mountains Nagum, Al-hadak Fru, Roo, lea Pas, Dec, Pou Leaf paste is applied topically as poultice on skin diseases; decoction from berries, leaves and roots is taken orally; berries boiled in oil and the oil is used for earache Sever fever, malaria, leishmaniosis, earache, wounds, bruise, rashes, warts, dyspepsia, ulcers, carbuncles, stomach-ache, painful menstruation 0.07 Malaria, leishmaniosis, bruised fingers, wounds, onchocerciasis, earache, dyspepsia, pleurisy, rheumatism, pneumonia, haemorrhoids [5 , 7 , 12 ] 111 Datura stramonium L. Annual herb Common along watercourses Daturah, /ain el bakar Who Pas Leaf paste is placed on bleeding wounds and skin diseases; leaves are dried, crushed, heated and applied topically to the sting point Headaches, epilepsy, rabies, asthma, earache, sores, vitiligo, pruritic, GIT diseases, wounds, scabies, hair-fall, cough, skin inflammation, rheumatism, bronchitis, scorpion stings 0.08 Dermatitis, sores and vitiligo, wounds, stomach ache, scorpion stings [4 , 15 , 21 , 49 ] 112 Hyoscyamus muticus L. Shrub Tihama plains As -sakran Lea, See Pas, Pou, Ext, Bur A crushed leaves is applied topically as a poultice to relieve pain; whole plant is used as a smoke inhalant to treat various diseases, grind the leaves in water and wash the eye Asthma, toothache, eyes problems, rheumatism, spasm 0.03 Eyes problems, muscles, asthma intoxicating effect [47 ] 113 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal Shrub Fyfa Mountains Sem Alfa’ar/Alobeb Lea, Fru, Roo Pas, Inf, Ext, Pou Paste from berries and leaves are applied as a poultice to ulcers, skin diseases and eyes pain; soaking crushed root in water and the water is taken orally (gargle) Tranquilizer, intestinal worms and ulcers, dyspepsia, skin chronic inflammation, eye pain, asthma, bronchitis, urinary diseases, scorpion stings, aphrodisiac, toning up the uterus of women 0.09 Ulcers, chronic dermatitis, psoriasis, breast, colon and liver cancers, asthma, leukaemia, aphrodisiac, sexual disorders, eye pains bronchitis,, gynaecological disorders [5 –7 , 12 , 13 , 19 ] TAMARICACEAE 114 Tamarix nilotica Ehrenb Shrub or small tree Tihama plains Tarfaa Lea, seed’s oil Pas, Pou Topically to cure wounds and skin problems Wounds, anti-inflammatory, varicose veins 0.04 Dermatitis, leg varices [7 , 13 ] 115 Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst Tree Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Al -Athl Bran, lea, Roo, Bar Dec, Bur, Pas, Pou Decoction of the roots and branches is used orally, fumigation of the leaves is beneficial in flu; paste form bark is used topically on wounds. Astringent, cold, flu, tuberculosis, spleen diseases, stomach ache, hepatitis, leprosy, wound infection, eczema, smallpox, aphrodisiac, uterus problems 0.06 Astringent, wound, eczema, leprosy, smallpox stomach-ache, hepatitis, tuberculosis, cold, flu, spleen diseases, aphrodisiac, germicidal effect, tetanus [4 , 5 , 50 ] TILIACEAE 116 Grewia tenax (Forssk.) Fiori shrub Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Khadar Who Pas, Pou The roots are used to make a poultice. Hair loss, skin infection, central nervous system depression, liver problems, rheumatism, spasm 0.03 Stomach aches, skin and intestinal infections, cough, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, rheumatism, antibiotic properties [23 ] URTICACEAE 117 Urtica pilulifera L. Annual herb Tihama plains Hourrigua Lea, Ste Inf An infusion of the plant is taken orally Scorpion stings, stop bleeding and epistaxis, diabetes, uterine haemorrhage, urinary tract infection, anaemia 0.05 Antidandruff, anti-asthmatic, colic diabetes, rheumatism, urinary tract infection [18 ] VITACEAE 118 Cissus quadrangularis Climber Tihama plains Salae Lea, Roo, Ste Ext Leaves are extracted with olive oil and applied topically; fresh leaves are soften on coal and applied directly to skin problems Ear pain, menstrual pain, bone fracture, wounds, burns, snake bites 0.05 Wounds, snake bites, circumcision [10 ] ZYGOPHYLLACEAE 119 Tribulus terrestris L. Annual herb Tihama plains and abadel Mountains Kotbah Lea Dec, Pas, Pou. Soaking crushed plant in water and the water is taken orally; poultice for external use Kidney pain, kidney stones, skin diseases, vitiligo 0.08 Renal colic, kidney stones, kidney diseases, skin pain [4 , 10 , 12 , 13 ] 120 Balanites aegyptiaca (van Tieghem) Blatter Shrub or tree Tihama plains Hijlij/Seder Al-kadhib Lea, Roo Pas, Inf. Leaf paste is applied topically; soaking crushed roots in water and the water is taken orally or insert the drops in the nose Intestinal worms, liver and spleen problems, scorpion stings, diabetes, epilepsy, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis 0.07 Wounds, haemorrhage, tuberculosis [12 ] 121 Fagonia bruguieri DC Shrub Tihama plains Shika’a Lea Dec Soaking the leaves in boiled water and the water is applied topically Blood and heart tonic, skin inflammation, scabies, blisters, vitiligo, allergy 0.03 Blood and heart tonic, scabies, vitiligo, blisters dermatitis [4 , 13 ] 122 Zygophyllum simplex L. Annual herb Tihama plains In saline soils Al-Dhamran, Kharmeel Lea, Ste, fru Jui, Pas, Pou A juice from fresh leaves and stems is orally, poultice for external use and wash the eye Eye diseases, hypertension 0.02 Ophthalmia [13 ] 123 Zygophyllum coccineum L. Perennial low shrub or herb Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Harm Lea, Ste, fru Jui, Pas, Pou A juice from fresh leaves and stems is used orally, poultice for external use Wounds, measles, smallpox, rheumatism, chickenpox, scorpion stings, hypertension, kidney stones, intestinal worms, cholera 0.06 Anthelmintic, diuretic, rheumatism, gout, cough, asthma, hypertension, flatulent colic, skin diseases [13 ] 124 Zygophyllum album L. Perennial low shrub Tihama plains and Farasan Islands Ritrit, Herm Lea, Ste, fru Jui, Pas, Pou A juice from fresh leaves and stems is taken orally, poultice for external use Severe fever, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, rheumatism 0.04 Diabetes, purgative, laxative, anti-virus and fungi, indigestion, asthma, diuretic, skin diseases, analgesic, rheumatism, antihistaminic [51 ]
