Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression

Figure 2

Nimbolide induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in bladder cancer cells. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to investigate the cell cycle distribution of the cells treated with 0 (a), 0.5 (b), 1 (c), and 3 (d) μM nimbolide for 12 h. (e) The percentage of cells in G1-, S-, and G2/M phases was analyzed by treatment with varying concentrations of nimbolide for 12 h. Values in the bar graph represent mean ± SD of three independent experiments: P < 0.05, compared with the control group.

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