A Mixed-Methods, Randomized Clinical Trial to Examine Feasibility of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Management and Diabetes Risk Reduction Intervention for African Americans with Prediabetes

Table 6

Means and with-in group changes by group and time-point (HOMA-IR, A1C, BMI, waist-hip ratio, perceived stress, cortisol, 7-day physical activity, dietary variables, FACIT-SP-EX)^a.

Variables	Time	Treatment (n = 38)		Control (n = 30)
		Mean (SD)/median	Within-group change from baseline (95% CI)	Mean (SD)/median	Within-group change from baseline (95% CI)
HOMA-IR	Baseline	4.88 (7.25)/2.19^b		6.82 (9.85)/3.36
	2 weeks	5.22 (6.90)/2.56	0.35 (−2.51, 3.20)	6.00 (7.55)/3.40	−0.82 (−5.22, 3.58)
	3 months	5.59 (9.12)/2.65	0.71 (−2.17, 3.60)	8.69 (12.74)/3.27	1.87 (−4.00, 7.74)
	6 months	6.63 (10.08)/2.90	1.76 (−1.90, 5.42)	5.31 (6.36)/2.96	−1.51 (−5.50, 2.49)
A1C (%) (mmol/mol)	Baseline	5.98 (0.41)		6.14 (0.32) [43]
	3 months	5.89 (0.40)	−0.08 (−0.13, −0.03)	6.03 (0.34) [41]	−0.11 (−0.19, −0.03)
	6 months	5.85 (0.46)	−0.12 (−0.19, −0.06)	5.93 (0.29) [40]	−0.21 (−0.29, −0.14)
Body mass index (BMI)	Baseline	34.89 (6.54)		36.86 (6.21)
	2 weeks	34.57 (6.58)	(−0.15) (−1.07, 0.40)	36.58 (6.44)	(−0.28) (−0.65, 0.27)
	3 months	34.54 (6.51)	(−0.35) (−1.15, −0.11)	36.37 (6.39)	(−0.49) (−1.69, 0.33)
	6 months	34.44 (6.32)	(−0.45) (−1.14, 0.05)	36.14 (6.36)	(−0.72) (−2.70, 0.10)
Wait-hip ratio	Baseline	0.43 (0.07)		0.44 (0.04)
	2 weeks	0.43 (0.07)	0.001 (−0.004, 0.005)	0.44 (0.04)	0.001 (−0.005, 0.006)
	3 months	0.43 (0.07)	0.002 (−0.003, 0.007)	0.45 (0.04)	0.004 (−0.003, 0.01)
	6 months	0.43 (0.07)	0.001 (−0.004, 0.005)	0.45 (0.04)	0.002 (−0.004, 0.008)
Perceived stress; (0−16 scale)	Baseline	4.35 (3.57)		4.07 (3.18)
	2 weeks	3.93 (3.29)	(0.82 (−1.74, 0.10)	4.66 (2.87)	0.41 (−0.65, 1.47)
	3 months	3.76 (3.54)	−1.07 (−2.22, −0.09)	4.62 (3.07)	0.50 (−0.76, 1.76)
	6 months	4.31 (3.27)	−0.27 (−1.48, 0.94)	4.25 (3.08)	0.00 (−1.39, 1.39)
Cortisol	Baseline	0.27 (0.51)		0.16 (0.10)
	2 weeks	0.24 (0.48)	−0.04 (−0.12, 0.05)	0.14 (0.06)	−0.02 (−0.07, 0.02)
	3 months	0.15 (0.07)	−0.12 (−0.29, 0.05)	0.13 (0.06)	−0.03 (−0.07, 0.02)
	6 months	0.14 (0.07)	−0.13 (−0.30, 0.04)	0.14 (0.06)	−0.02 (−0.07, 0.03)
Daily calorie expenditure; (physical activity)	Baseline	3253 (671)		3603 (672)
	3 months	3204 (643)	−48.6 (−153, 56.1)	3596 (732)	−7.7 (−105, 89.6)
	6 months	3220 (693)	−33.4 (−110, 42.9))	3589 (740)	−14.6 (−153, 124)
Daily calorie intake	Baseline	1940 (1448)		1826 (740)
	3 months	1655 (1277)	−285 (−490, −80)	1695 (686)	−131 (−368, 106)
	6 months	1575 (1300)	−365 (−554, −176)	1509 (743)	−316 (−646, 14)
Daily fat (g)	Baseline	88 (71)		82 (31)
	3 months	76 (67)	−13 (−21, 4.7)	78 (35)	−4.7 (−17, 7.6)
	6 months	72 (68.97)	−16 (−25, −7.1)	67 (37)	−16 (−32, 1.0)
Daily carbohydrate (g)	Baseline	219 (161)		203 (109)
	3 months	181 (132)	−37 (−67, −7)	185 (74)	−18 (−49, 13)
	6 months	178(136)	−41 (−62, −19)	171 (84)	−32 (−75, 12)
FACIT-23-item total	Baseline	72.96 (11.94)		73.37 (8.69)
	2 weeks	74.27 (8.64)	2.66 (−0.57, 8.43)	72.72 (11.39)	−0.46 (−5.09, 3.09)
	3 months	75.29 (8.43)	2.93 (−0.57, 8.57)	71.64 (11.95)	−0.33 (−5.43, 3.85)
	6 months	74.85 (9.52)	1.96 (−9.13, −0.57)	73.71 (8.02)	0.77 (−7.96, −1.78)

^aThe data at the time point after two weeks were not collected for A1C, physical activity, daily calories, daily fat, and daily carbohydrate. ^bMedians are included for variables with skewed distributions. Abbreviations: HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; FACIT Sp Ex = expanded functional assessment of chronic illness therapy-spiritual well-being.