Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Ageing and Degenerative Diseases: Review of Current Evidence

Table 2

Effect of ginger on degenerative disease (in vivo studies).

Related Disease	Constituent	Effects	References
Alzheimer’s disease	Ginger root extract	(i) Improved learning and memory; (ii) Increased the number of Nissl bodies and neurons; (iii) Increased the activation of SOD and CAT; (iv) Decreased the levels of MDA, NF-κB, and interleukin-1 (IL-1)	Zeng et al. [103]
	Aqueous ginger infusion	(i) Improved the activity and level of acetylcholine; (ii) Improved T-maze test results and reduced acetylcholinesterase activity; (iii) Induced the disappearance of amyloid plaques	Karam et al. [104]
Parkinson’s disease	6-Shogaol	(i) Reduced astrogliosis and microgliosis in the brain; (ii) Enhanced the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) level and synaptic molecules; (iii) Inhibited the inflammatory response	Moon et al. [105]
	6-Shogaol	(i) Improved the formation of synapses in the brain; (ii) Inhibited components of the inflammatory pathway such as TNF-α, NO, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)	Park et al. [106]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Fresh ginger sample	(i) Exhibited inhibitory activities against α-amylase and α-glucosidase; (ii) Inhibited ACE activity	Akinyemi et al. [109]
Cardiovascular disease	Ginger extract	(i) Reduced infarct size; (ii) Reduced total cholesterol serum	Rouhi-Boroujeni et al. [113]
	Ethanolic ginger extract	(i) Decreased the development of atherosclerotic lesions; (ii) Reduced plasma levels, LDL cholesterol levels, LDL atherogenic modifications, and the oxidative response of macrophages	Fuhrman et al. [114]
	6-Gingerol	(i) Reduced atherosclerotic lesions in arteries; (ii) Reversed the expression of inflammatory cytokines and lipids	Wang et al. [115]
	Dried ginger powder	(i) Decreased lipid levels and blood pressure	Sanghal et al. [117]
	Aqueous ginger extract	(i) Inhibited ACE activity; (ii) Prevented lipid peroxidation in the heart	Akinyemi et al. [83]
	Fresh ginger sample	(i) Inhibited ACE activity	Akinyemi et al. [109]