Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Ageing and Degenerative Diseases: Review of Current Evidence

Table 3

Effect of ginger on degenerative disease (human studies).

Related disease	Constituent	Effects	References
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Fresh ginger rhizomes	(i) Reduced the levels of triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL); (ii) Reduced insulin	Mahluji et al. [73]
	Powdered ginger rhizomes	(i) Decreased TG level and total serum cholesterol; (ii) No effect on LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL); (iii) Increased activity of hepatic cholesterol hydroxylase enzymes	Arablou et al. [50]
	Powdered ginger capsule	(i) Decreased the levels of glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), and C-reactive protein (CRP) and insulin resistance; (ii) Improved total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and serum paraoxonase-1 (PON-1)	Shidfar et al. [43]
Osteoarthritis	Powdered ginger capsule	(i) Decreased the level of tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-beta (IL-β)	Mozaffari-khosravi et al. [74]
	Powdered ginger capsule	(i) Reduced the level of nitrite oxide (NO); (ii) Reduced hs-C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)	Naderi et al. [111]
	Powdered ginger capsule	(i) Reduced stiffness, pain, and difficulty in patients with knee osteoarthritis	Zakeri et al. [112]
Cardiovascular disease	Powdered ginger capsule	(i) Reduced blood pressure in patients with hypertension and coronary heart disease	Wang et al. [118]