Review Article

An Updated List of Neuromedicinal Plants of Pakistan, Their Uses, and Phytochemistry

Table 2

Side effects of currently using drugs in treatment of various neurological diseases.

Drug ClassSubclasses Drugs Side effects References

AntidepressantsTCAImipramine, Amitriptyline, Desipramine, Nortriptyline, Doxepinweight gain, sedation, dry mouth, nausea, blurred vision, constipation, tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, hypotension, increased heart rate[92]
MAOIIsocarboxazid, Phenelzine
Tranylcypromine, Selegiline
weight gain, fatigue, sexual dysfunction, nausea, hypotension, dry mouth, diarrhea or constipation, headache, drowsiness, insomnia
SSRIFluoxetine, Paroxetine, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Citalopramheadache, sedation, dizziness, nervousness, somnolence, extrapyramidal effects, nausea, dry mouth, diarrhea, agitation, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, weight gain,[93]
SNRIVenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Desvenlafaxine, Levomilnaciprannausea, insomnia, dry mouth, headache, increased blood pressure, sexual dysfunction, weight gain, urinary retention, hyponatremia, tremors, vertigo, tachycardia, shock-like sensations, paresthesia, myalgia, tinnitus, neuralgia, ataxia[92, 94]
AtypicalBupropion, Mirtazapine, Trazodone, Vilazodoneheadache, agitation, insomnia, sweating, sedation, increased appetite, weight gain, nausea, dizziness[92]

AnxiolyticsBZDsAlprazolam, Clonazepam, Lorazepam, Midazolam, Diazepamsedation, memory disturbances, tolerance, fatigue, dependence, drowsiness, lethargy, At higher dosages, impaired motor coordination, dizziness, vertigo, slurred speech, blurry vision, mood swings, euphoria[95]
AzapironesBuspirone, Binospirone, Gepirone, Tandospironedizziness, drowsiness, headaches, restlessness, nausea, diarrhea[96]
BARPhenobarbital, Amobarbital, Secobarbita, Butabarbital, Pentobarbitalsedation, dizziness, headache, nausea, withdrawal include, tremors, agitation, abnormal breathing, coma, confusion, fainting, hallucinations[97]

Anti-AlzheimerAChEIsDonepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantaminevomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, bradycardia, insomnia, nausea, agitation, syncope[98]
Anti-AβBapineuzumab, Solanezumab, Gantenerumabmicrohemorrhage, vasogenic edema, arrhythmia, skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
NMDAR AntagonistsMemantinepsychosis, nausea, vomiting, memory impairment, and neuronal cell death, drowsiness[99]

Anti-ParkinsonDABromocriptine, Pergolide, Cabergoline, Pramipexolenausea, hypotension, confusion, delirium, pulmonary fibrosis, vasospasm, erythromelalgia, sleep attacks[100]
COMT InhibitorsEntacapone, Tolcaponedyskinesia, nausea, confusion, urine discoloration, diarrhea, abdominal pain
MAO-BSelegilineconfusion, delirium, hallucinations, unusual thoughts or behavior, dizziness, nausea, insomnia, trouble breathing

AntiepilepticSodium Channel BlockersPhenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, Lacosamide, Oxcarbazepine,dizziness, drowsiness, diplopia, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, ataxia, neurotoxicity, cardiac arrhythmias, hirsutism, hepatotoxicity, steven-johnson syndrome[101]
Calcium Channel BlockersEthosuximide, Zonisamide, Trimethadionenausea, vomiting, headache, mental status changes, neuropathy, change in weight[102]
GABA transaminase InhibitorsVigabatrin, L-Cycloserine, Ethanolamine-O-Sulfate, Valproatedrowsiness, nystagmus, hyperexcitability, insomnia, fever, memory impairment, depression, confusion, agitation, asthenia, laryngitis, weight gain, vomiting[103]

TCA: tricyclic antidepressant; MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitor; SSRI: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SNRI: serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; BZDs: benzodiazepines; BAR: barbiturates; AChEIs: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors; Aβ: amyloid beta; NMDAR: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; DA: dopamine agonists; COMT: catechol-O-methyltransferase; MAO-B: monoamine oxidase B; GABA: gamma-aminobutyric acid.