An Updated List of Neuromedicinal Plants of Pakistan, Their Uses, and Phytochemistry

Table 4

Phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of some well-known medicinal plants.

S.#	Medicinal Plants	Pharmacological Properties	Part used	Phytochemical Constituents	Chemical Compounds Identified	References
1	Allium sativum	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anticonvulsant; 3. Anti-Alzheimer	1. Dried bulbs; 2. Oil; 3. Whole garlic	Thiosulfinates, sapogenins phenols, saponins, volatile compounds, antioxidants, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals and proteins	Alliin, allixin, 1,2-vinyldithiin, ajoenes, S-allyl-cysteine sulfoxide, calcium, Potassium, vitamin B and vitamin C	[137–140]
2	Bacopa monnieri	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anxiolytic; 3. Anticonvulsant; 4. Anti-Parkinson	1. Leaves; 2. Stems and leaves; 3. Leaves; 4. Conc. tincture of plant	Alkaloid,tannin, saponin, phlobatannin, glycoside, terpenoid, flavonoid, sterols, phenol, steroid, anthraquinone and carbohydrate	Brahmin, nicotine, herpestine, bacosides A & B, hersaponin, betulic acid, monnierin, apigenin, b-sitosterol, stigma-sterol and luteolin	[33–36, 141]
3	Cannabis sativa	1. Antidepressant and anxiolytic; 2. Anticonvulsant; 3. Anti-Alzheimer and antidementia; 4. Sedative	1. Leaves; 2. Leaves; 3. Flowers; 4. Whole plant	Alkaloid, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, resins, cardiac glucosides, terpenes, steroids, volatile oils and balsam	Cannabinoids, cannabidiol, dronabinol, cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, cannabichromenic acid, cannabidiolic acid, anandamide, cannabigerolic acid and cannabichromene	[37–40, 142, 143]
4	Hyoscyamus niger	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anti-seizure; 3. Anti-Parkinson	1. Leaves; 2. Seeds; 3. Seeds	Alkaloids, withanolide steroids, lignanamides, tyramine derivative, steroidal saponins, glycosides, lignans, coumarinolignan, and flavonoids	Apoatropine, L-DOPA, Cuscohygrine, choline Daturamine, Hyoscine, tropine, hyoscypicrin, phytin, aphoyoscine, alpha and beeta belladonine and Skimmianine	[144–148]
5	Solanum nigrum	1. Anti-seizure; 2. Sedative	1. Leaves; 2. Fruits	Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, coumarins and phytosterols	Pinoresinol, syringaresinol, medioresinol, scopoletin, tetracosanoic acid and beta-sitosterol	[149–152]
6	Withania somnifera	1. Anti-Parkinson; 2. Anxiolytic and antidepressant; 3. Anticonvulsant	1. Whole plant; 2. Roots; 3. Stems and roots	Alkaloids, steroidal lactones, saponins and iron	Withanolides, withaferins, Withanine, isopellertierine, anferine, Anahygrine, Cuscohygrine, Beta-Sisterol, Chlorogenic acid, Scopoletin, choline, Somniferiene, Somniferinine and Tropanol	[45–47, 153]
7	Papaver somniferum	1. Anticonvulsant	1. Seeds	Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, Phytosterols, Terpenoids, Flavanoids and Carbohydrates	Morphine, Codeine, thebaine, noscapine, papaverine, Salutarifine, meconidine, codmine, neoprene, lanthothine, rophyroxine, narcotisline and papaveramine	[154–159]
8	Ziziphus jujube	1. Sedative and hypnotic; 2. Anxiolytic; 3. Anti-seizure	1. Seeds; 2. Leaves; 3. Fruits	Triterpenic acids, flavonoids, saponins, cerebrosides, amino acids, phenolic acids, vitamins, total sugars and nucleosides	Zizybeoside I and II, Chryseoriol, Swertisin, Quercetin, Jujubasaponin IV, Lotoside I and II, Zizyphus saponin I and II	[160]
9	Tribulus terrestris	1. Anxiolytic; 2. Antidepressant; 3. Sedative	1. Leaves; 2. Whole plant; 3. Whole plant	Saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids and tannins	Tigogenin, neotigogenin, rutin, chlorogenin, caffeoyl, ruscogenin, kaempferol, tribulosid, terrestribisamide, quercetin, β-sitosterol, stigmasterols, harmane, norharmane and tribulusterine	[161–164]
10	Verbena officinalis	1. Antidepressant; 2.Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic and sedative	1. Leaves; 2. Whole plant	Alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenes, proteins, amino acids, tannins, saponins, phytosterols and phenolic compounds	Verbenin, oleanolic acid, verbenalin, hastatoside, alpha-sitosterol, ursolic acid, kaempferol, aucubin, luteolin, verbascoside, apigenin, scutellarein, limonene and spathulenol	[42, 43]
11	Albizia lebbeck	1. Anticonvulsant; 2. Nootropic and anxiolytic	1. Leaves; 2. Leaves	Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins; steroids and terpenoids	Albizia saponins A, B and C, albizinin, melacacidin, catechin lebbecacidin, friedelin, and β-sitosterol	[165–168]
12	Avena sativa	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anxiolytic	1. Seeds; 2. Whole plant	Carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavanoids, steroids, glycosides, saponins, amino acids, gums and mucilage	Gramine, flavone, apigenin and luteolin, flavonolignans, saponins and ferulic acid	[169–171]
13	Capparis decidua	1. Sedative and anticonvulsant	1. Flowers and fruits	Alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, sterols, flavanoids, phenols and fatty acids	Capparine, cappariline, capparinine, β-sitosterol, capparidisine, capparisine, codonocarpine, Capric acid, cadabacine, quercetin and rutin l-stachydrine	[172, 173]
14	Citrus limon	1. Anticonvulsant; 2. Sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressant	1. Essential oil of leaves; 2. Essential oil of leaves	Phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils, carotenoids, citric acid and ascorbic acid	Limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, linalool, α-terpineol, linalyl acetate, acetate geranyl, nerolidol, acetate neryl, farnesol, sabinene, myrcene, cineol and geranial	[174–176]
15	Citrullus colocynthis	1. Anticonvulsant; 2. Antidepressant	1. Fruits; 2. Fruits	Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponosides, Phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid	Colocynthin, colocynthein, colocynthetin, Cucurbitane type triterpen glycoside, quercetin and Flavone	[15, 16, 177]
16	Datura metel	1. Antiepileptic; 2. Sedative and hypnotics	1. Leaves; 2. Seeds	Alkaloids, resins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, terpenoids and steroid glycosides	Hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, daturabietatriene, daturasterol,, b-sitosterol and Melatonin and serotonin	[17–21]
17	Hypericum perforatum	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anti-Parkinson; 3. Neuroprotective; 4. Anticonvulsant; 5. Anti-Alzheimer; 6. Anxiolytic and sedative	1. Flowers; 2. Flowers and leaves; 3. Whole plant; 4. Flowers and leaves; 5. Flowers; 6. Flowers	Phenylpropanes, flavonoids, biflavones, phloroglucinols proanthocyanidins, amino acids, essential oil and naphthodianthrones	Hyperoside, adhyperforin Quercitrin, Rutin, Hypericin, Kaempferol, Biapigenin and Hyperforin	[22–28]
18	Jasminum grandiflorum	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anticonvulsant	1. Essential oil of plant; 2. Leaves	Coumarins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, essential oils, flavonoids, phenolics and saponins	Rutin, kaempferol, quercetin, β-primeveroside, kaempferol, hesperidin Methyl jasmonate, methyl anthranilate, linalool β-rutinoside, oleuropein and daucosterol	[29–31]
19	Lycopersicon esculentum	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anticonvulsant; 3. Memory enhancement; 4. Anti-Parkinson	1. Fruits; 2. Dried fruit extract; 3. Dried fruit extract; 4. Seeds	flavonoids, tannins, saponin, glycosides, Steroids, fatty acids, carbohydrates and proteins	Chlorogenic acid, rutin, naringenin, noradrenaline lycopene, dopamine, tomatin, tomatoside-A, ascorbic acid, bergapten, serotonin and adrenaline	[32, 178–180]
20	Ocimum basilicum	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anticonvulsant; 3. Anxiolytic and sedative; 4. Enhance memory retention	1. Essential oil; 2. Leaves; 3. Aerial parts; 4. Leaves	Terpenoids, essential oil, polyphenols, tannins and flavonoids	Cineole, geraniol, linalool, cadinol and sabinene, methyl chavicol, β-caryophyllene and neral, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, catechin and eugenol	[181–184]
21	Punica granatum	1. Antidepressant; 2. Anxiolytic and anticonvulsant; 3. Anti-Alzheimer; 4. Memory enhancement	1. Fruits; 2. Leaves; 3. Fruits; 4. Fruit’s peel	Flavonoids, glycosides, amino acids, pectin, indoleamines, tannins, sterols, polyphenols, carbohydrates, ellagitannins, anthocyanins and triterpenoid	Catechin, rutin, quercetin epicatechin, estriol, luteolin kaempferol, anthocyanins, gallagyldilacton, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, testosterone, tocopherols and isoflavones	[185–188]