The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils

Table 4

Essential oil cytotoxicity alone and in combination with carrier oils (% mortality).

Essential oil	Cytotoxicity alone		Aloe; vera			Calendula; officinalis			Hypericum; perforatum			Persea; americana			Prunus; armeniaca			Simmondsia; chinensis
	24 hrs	48 hrs	24 hrs	48 hrs		24 hrs	48 hrs	FIC	24 hrs	48 hrs		24 hrs	48 hrs		24 hrs	48 hrs		24 hrs	48 hrs
Cananga odorata; (ylang ylang)		94.15	4.60	10.20		6.95	12.44	0.29	5.54	13.59	0.24	0.67	8.96	0.22	0.94	17.03	0.91	1.74	11.16	0.29
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	97.68	97.68	2.58	5.56	0.13	76.95	87.92	2.00	25.71	64.94	1.16	0.00	40.67	1.00	100.00	100.00		10.67	40.86	1.06
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	94.29	96.95	78.58	89.48	2.11	66.36	84.68	1.93	79.16	91.48	1.63	0.49	19.73	0.48	3.75	19.27	1.03	4.63	23.17	0.60
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	73.62	90.96	6.76	13.03	0.31	41.54	64.35	1.49	9.93	20.26	0.37	0.57	13.12	0.33	0.63	19.30	1.04	11.94	100.00	2.62
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	76.99	92.99	3.86	9.66	0.23	9.33	18.05	0.42	4.06	8.06	0.15	12.61	83.33	2.07	1.41	35.83	1.92	3.32	29.21	0.76
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	100.00	100.00	9.49	21.42	0.50	71.43	82.38	1.86	19.52	44.01	0.78	40.43	54.90	1.34	1.10	27.54	1.46	6.27	90.61	2.33
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	93.32	94.41	3.64	15.40	0.37	2.95	13.65	0.31	10.37	30.12	0.54	0.00	18.19	0.45	1.54	28.93	1.55	100.00	100.00	2.60
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	15.48	77.66	0.00	4.00	0.10	0.98	8.31	0.20	2.57	7.27	0.14	0.72	30.86	0.80	1.32	5.19	0.28	2.06	9.45	0.26
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	20.41	40.09	2.88	10.55	0.33	0.47	23.81	0.72	2.89	7.75	0.20	5.98	39.86	1.27	1.93	14.01	0.85	7.78	90.00	2.99
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	28.08	82.94	4.00	16.16	0.40	3.36	6.06	0.14	0.52	2.64	0.05	3.84	5.16	0.13	0.94	13.37	0.72	3.28	72.39	1.94
Laurus nobilis (bay)	31.89	42.92	0.53	8.84	0.27	4.35	9.18	0.27	7.23	9.78	0.24	2.34	7.86	0.24	9.89	23.98	1.43	1.56	5.11	0.17
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	54.52	94.14	0.46	4.32	0.10	3.75	9.64	0.22	3.42	6.42	0.12	75.76	75.76	1.87	0.62	16.83	0.90	3.55	67.87	1.77
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	95.49	98.82	10.24	59.70	1.40	4.17	8.64	0.20	5.37	7.81	0.14	1.32	13.46	0.33	7.01	32.85	1.75	2.68	61.80	1.59
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	99.58	99.58	4.37	23.98	0.56	2.97	27.97	0.63	0.52	5.51	0.10	1.26	41.26	1.01	0.58	12.98	0.69	2.45	72.22	1.86
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	71.17	94.20	0.46	3.29	0.08	4.57	6.60	0.15	4.81	7.34	0.13	100.00	100.00	2.47	0.29	6.74	0.36	0.00	15.83	0.41
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	33.43	61.32	1.05	4.23	0.11	4.22	7.89	0.20	3.66	7.21	0.15	0.91	3.57	0.10	1.10	11.80	0.66	0.56	56.28	1.63
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	92.31	96.25	6.14	15.95	0.38	2.59	5.05	0.12	6.15	8.21	0.15	5.93	16.63	0.41	2.19	13.93	0.74	1.17	22.40	0.58
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	88.49	95.33	7.77	27.13	0.64	3.81	19.16	0.44	8.21	27.07	0.49	0.55	7.97	0.20	8.71	29.02	1.55	2.18	38.05	0.99
Santalum album (sandalwood)	96.12	99.13	1.59	8.61	0.20	4.84	11.73	0.27	4.20	17.51	0.31	32.11	67.00	1.64	3.59	38.56	2.05	0.00	32.64	0.84
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	16.40	68.66	5.28	8.98	0.23	10.91	28.28	0.70	9.73	17.99	0.36	13.17	35.87	0.96	31.53	43.99	2.44	11.84	60.62	1.70
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	98.88	99.46	4.33	12.97	0.30	99.42	99.42	2.25	98.93	98.93	1.76	100.00	100.00	2.44	78.61	100.00	5.32	4.20	32.63	0.84
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	100.00	100.00	86.32	97.11	2.28	54.61	70.39	1.59	99.48	99.48	1.76	7.49	20.52	0.50	84.68	88.63	4.71	52.00	85.22	2.19
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	11.37	27.43	2.52	4.57	0.17	4.93	10.45	0.37	3.51	8.50	0.26	0.37	98.96	3.73	0.62	9.05	0.60	0.67	7.74	0.30

Percentage cytotoxicity above 50 is considered toxic; below 50 is considered nontoxic.
synergy highlighted in bold.
antagonism shown with underline.