Advances in Research on the Protective Mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in Islet β Cells

Table 1

TCM the protection of islet β cells.

TCM	Functions	Genes/proteins	References
Puerarin	Promotes β cell proliferation	PDX-1↑	[21]
	Reduces islet OS damage	MDA↓, activity of SOD↑, PGE2, ET, H2O2, NO levels↓, ICAM-1, NOX2, NOX4 mRNA, and protein expression↓	[41]
Oleanolic acid	Reduces islet OS damage	α-glucosidase activity↓	[37]
Ginsenoside Rg3	Reduces β cell apoptosis	Phosphorylation of ERK and p38MAPK↑, P44/42MAPK↓	[30]
Rg1		SIL-2R↓, CD4/CD8 and NK cell activity↑, autophagy↑, caspase-39↑, Blc2↑	[9]
Rb1	Reduces islet OS damage	JNK pathway↓, JNK1 and c-Jun↓, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α↓	[46]
Red ginseng	Reduces β cell apoptosis	Bcl-2↑, Bax and the activity of caspase-3↓	[31]
	Maintains the integrity of the islet structure	Islet size↑, insulin immunoreactivity↑, islet boundary was irregular, vacuolization↓
GA	Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin	PTP1BmRNA↓, PPARγ genes and PDX-1↑	[9]
	Reduces islet OS damage	ROS↓	[45]
Berberine	Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin	The expression of HNF-1α/PDX-1↑	[11]
Baicalein	Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin	β cell membrane K^+ channel voltage-dependent current↓, intracellular Ca^2+ concentration in β cell↓	[12]
	Promotes β cell proliferation	Through cAMP-mediated mechanism	[22]
Resveratrol	Induces stem cell differentiation into β cells	The pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) MSUH-001 ⟶ β cell	[25]
curcumin	Reduces islet OS damage	TLR-4↓, caspase-8↓, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-6↓, T cell, NK cell↓	[49], [50]
Resveratrol and curcumin	Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin	Regulate the expression and activity of PDEs, cAMP level↑	[13]
POP I	Promotes β cell proliferation	JNK↑, PDX-1, PPARγ, ERK↑	[20]
	Reduces islet OS damage	JNK1, P38, ERK, and RAS proteins in the JNK pathway↓
CPOP	Reduces islet OS damage	MDA content and SOD activity↓	[47]
Salidroside	Promotes β cell proliferation	Insulin, Pdx-1, GLP-1R mRNA↑IL-1β leve↓	[42]
	Reduces OS damage	TXNIP m RNA↓, TRX m RNA↑, ROS↓	[42]
TWP	Induces stem cell differentiation into β cells	Stem cell ⟶ the cell which expression of β cell functional proteins	[24]
SC2		Stem cell ⟶ new insulin-secreting cells	[26]
Artemisinin	Inducts islet α cells into β cells	GABA signaling↑, ARX transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm↓, ARX from chromatin↓, α cell secreting glucagon↓, α ⟶ β cell	[29]
PNS	Reduces β cell apoptosis	miR-181b, caspase-3, Bcl-2↑, activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway↑, Beclin1, LC3-II↓	[32]
cortex mori radicis		PI3K/Akt↑, caspase-3↓, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓	[33]
Ophiopogonis radix		NF-kB↓	[34]
CS	Reduces islet OS damage	NO production↓, ROS activity↓, Ca^2+ concentration↓, UCP-2↑	[40]
TFLB		SOD, GSH↑; MDA↓	[36]
Anoectochilus roxburghii		DPPH, ABTS↓, NO↓; iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β↓	[43]
Cinnamaldehyde		The antioxidant enzyme activity↑, free radicals↓	[44]
Mogroside		ROS↓GLUT-2, pyruvate kinase gene↑, JNK signal transduction pathway↓FOXO1↓	[48]
Polygonatum odoratum		IFN-γ, IL-4↓inflammatory cell infiltration↓, the polarization of Th1 cell↓	[51]
Emodin	Promotes GLP-1 secretion	PPARδ, GLP-1↑	[53]
Trichosanthin	Cell transplantation protection	Slow the rejection and protect the transplanted β cells	[55]
Euonymus fortunei		Cell survival rate↑, ROS induced islet cell damage before transplantation↓	[56]
GEB	Improving insulin resistance	Hypothalamic insulin signaling↑, systemic insulin sensitivity↑	[58]