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TCM | Functions | Genes/proteins | References |
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Puerarin | Promotes β cell proliferation | PDX-1↑ | [21] |
Reduces islet OS damage | MDA↓, activity of SOD↑, PGE2, ET, H2O2, NO levels↓, ICAM-1, NOX2, NOX4 mRNA, and protein expression↓ | [41] |
Oleanolic acid | Reduces islet OS damage | α-glucosidase activity↓ | [37] |
Ginsenoside Rg3 | Reduces β cell apoptosis | Phosphorylation of ERK and p38MAPK↑, P44/42MAPK↓ | [30] |
Rg1 | SIL-2R↓, CD4/CD8 and NK cell activity↑, autophagy↑, caspase-39↑, Blc2↑ | [9] |
Rb1 | Reduces islet OS damage | JNK pathway↓, JNK1 and c-Jun↓, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α↓ | [46] |
Red ginseng | Reduces β cell apoptosis | Bcl-2↑, Bax and the activity of caspase-3↓ | [31] |
Maintains the integrity of the islet structure | Islet size↑, insulin immunoreactivity↑, islet boundary was irregular, vacuolization↓ | |
GA | Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin | PTP1BmRNA↓, PPARγ genes and PDX-1↑ | [9] |
Reduces islet OS damage | ROS↓ | [45] |
Berberine | Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin | The expression of HNF-1α/PDX-1↑ | [11] |
Baicalein | Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin | β cell membrane K+ channel voltage-dependent current↓, intracellular Ca2+ concentration in β cell↓ | [12] |
Promotes β cell proliferation | Through cAMP-mediated mechanism | [22] |
Resveratrol | Induces stem cell differentiation into β cells | The pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) MSUH-001 ⟶ β cell | [25] |
curcumin | Reduces islet OS damage | TLR-4↓, caspase-8↓, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-6↓, T cell, NK cell↓ | [49], [50] |
Resveratrol and curcumin | Promotes the synthesis and secretion of insulin | Regulate the expression and activity of PDEs, cAMP level↑ | [13] |
POP I | Promotes β cell proliferation | JNK↑, PDX-1, PPARγ, ERK↑ | [20] |
Reduces islet OS damage | JNK1, P38, ERK, and RAS proteins in the JNK pathway↓ | |
CPOP | Reduces islet OS damage | MDA content and SOD activity↓ | [47] |
Salidroside | Promotes β cell proliferation | Insulin, Pdx-1, GLP-1R mRNA↑IL-1β leve↓ | [42] |
Reduces OS damage | TXNIP m RNA↓, TRX m RNA↑, ROS↓ | [42] |
TWP | Induces stem cell differentiation into β cells | Stem cell ⟶ the cell which expression of β cell functional proteins | [24] |
SC2 | Stem cell ⟶ new insulin-secreting cells | [26] |
Artemisinin | Inducts islet α cells into β cells | GABA signaling↑, ARX transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm↓, ARX from chromatin↓, α cell secreting glucagon↓, α ⟶ β cell | [29] |
PNS | Reduces β cell apoptosis | miR-181b, caspase-3, Bcl-2↑, activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway↑, Beclin1, LC3-II↓ | [32] |
cortex mori radicis | PI3K/Akt↑, caspase-3↓, Bcl-2↑, Bax↓ | [33] |
Ophiopogonis radix | | NF-kB↓ | [34] |
CS | Reduces islet OS damage | NO production↓, ROS activity↓, Ca2+ concentration↓, UCP-2↑ | [40] |
TFLB | SOD, GSH↑; MDA↓ | [36] |
Anoectochilus roxburghii | DPPH, ABTS↓, NO↓; iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β↓ | [43] |
Cinnamaldehyde | The antioxidant enzyme activity↑, free radicals↓ | [44] |
Mogroside | ROS↓GLUT-2, pyruvate kinase gene↑, JNK signal transduction pathway↓FOXO1↓ | [48] |
Polygonatum odoratum | IFN-γ, IL-4↓inflammatory cell infiltration↓, the polarization of Th1 cell↓ | [51] |
Emodin | Promotes GLP-1 secretion | PPARδ, GLP-1↑ | [53] |
Trichosanthin | Cell transplantation protection | Slow the rejection and protect the transplanted β cells | [55] |
Euonymus fortunei | Cell survival rate↑, ROS induced islet cell damage before transplantation↓ | [56] |
GEB | Improving insulin resistance | Hypothalamic insulin signaling↑, systemic insulin sensitivity↑ | [58] |
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