The Combination of Mulberry Extracts and Silk Amino Acids Alleviated High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis by Improving Hepatic Insulin Signaling and Normalizing Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Rats

Table 4

Lipid profile and glucose and insulin in the circulation, HOMA-IR and hepatic triglyceride, and glycogen deposition.

	Normal-control; (n=10)	Disease-control (n=10)	MS1:3-L; (n=10)	MS1:3-H; (n=10)	MS1:5-L; (n=10)	MS1:5-H; (n=10)
Serum total cholesterol	94.8 ± 5.7	96.9 ± 7.9	95.4 ± 6.5	92.5 ± 6.4	97.4 ± 7.9	92.0 ± 7.2
Serum HDL-C	23.1 ± 1.6	18.6 ± 1.2	22.4 ± 1.8	26.1 ± 2.4	20.2 ± 1.5	25.7 ± 1.5
Serum LDL-C	61.7 ± 4.9	68.9 ± 5.7	63.4 ± 4.4	56.5 ± 5.3	68.6 ± 5.9	57.3 ± 5.3
Serum triglyceride	49.7 ± 4.8	48.3 ± 5.2	48.5 ± 3.8	49.5 ± 5.2	43.2 ± 4.8	42.5 ± 5.1
Liver TG (mg/g tissue)	58.3 ± 5.3	76.5 ± 6.2	74.9 ± 6.2	68.2 ± 6.1	63.3 ± 5.6	62.7 ± 5.2
Liver cholesterol (mg/g tissue)	15.3 ± 1.6	20.4 ± 1.6	19.0 ± 2.0	17.7 ± 1.2	16.2 ± 1.5	16.4 ± 1.3
Liver glycogen (mg/g tissue)	28.6 ± 2.1	23.1 ± 2.0	24.5 ± 12.9	29.8 ± 2.0	28.5 ± 1.8	34.8 ± 4.2
Serum glucose	99.1 ± 8.3	114 ± 5.0	108 ± 7.3	95 ± 4.4	103 ± 5.8	106 ± 6.0
Serum insulin	1.31 ± 0.14	1.75 ± 0.17	1.64 ± 0.16	1.53 ± 0.14	1.65 ± 0.17	1.51 ± 0.17
HOMA-IR	6.01 ± 0.65	9.23 ± 0.84	8.2 ± 0.78	6.73 ± 0.53	7.89 ± 0.72	7.42 ± 0.69
Serum NEFA	0.31 ± 0.09	0.67 ± 0.11	0.59 ± 0.10	0.48 ± 0.09	0.53 ± 0.11	0.42 ± 0.09

Values are means ± standard deviation. HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; NEFA, nonesterified fatty acids. Rats consumed high fat diets containing 0.2% (low dosage, -L) and 0.6% (high dosage, -H) of the mixture of mulberry extracts and silk amino acid (MS) and 0.6% cellulose (disease-control) for 12 weeks. MS1:3 and MS1:5 mixture contained 1:3 and 1:5 of mulberry extracts and silk amino acid, respectively. Sham rats were fed the same diet with the disease-control group as the normal-control.
Means on the same row with different letters were significantly different by Tukey test at p < 0.05.