|
| Phenolic compound | Anti-inflammatory property | Reference |
|
| Ellagic acid | ↓ PGE2 synthesis by inhibiting COX-2 and NF-κB pathway
↓ expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF and NO) | [40]
[43] |
| Gallic acid | ↓ LPS-induced NO, PGE2, and IL-6 production in RAW 264.7 cells
↓ MAPK/NF-κB pathway by activating Akt/AMPK/Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in RAW264.7 cells
↓ expression mRNA expression of NF-κB and IL-6. | [47]
[48]
[49] |
| Caffeic acid | ↓ LPS-induced NF-κB activation ↓ iNOS and COX-2 production but ↑ haem oxygenase-1 | [50]
[51] |
| Ferulic acid | ↓ production of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells
↓ MAPK signalling pathways in rat with acute respiratory distress syndrome
↓ mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α but ↑ IL-10 in male prenatally-stressed rat offspring | [52]
[53]
[54] |
| Syringic acid | ↓ the inflammatory cells (eosinophil, neutrophil, macrophage, and lymphocyte) and production of inflammatory markers (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-α) in mice | [55] |
| Ascorbic acid | ↓ the levels of hs-CRP, IL-6, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride in hypertensive and diabetic obese adults | [56] |
| 3-hydroxybenzoic acid | ↓ the production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α by suppressing phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in LPS-induced microglia. | [57] |
| Vanillic acid | ↓ the mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, as well as protein production of iNOS/COX-2
↓ LPS-induced degradation of IκBα and nuclear translocation of NFκB | [58] |
| Chlorogenic acid | ↓ the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β but ↑ the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mouse intoxicated with neurotoxin | [59] |
| Coumaric acid | ↓ the production of IL-8 in cigarette smoke extract-stimulated A549 cells | [60] |
| Rosmarinic acid | ↓ the expression of inflammatory markers (COX-2, PGE2, IL-1β, MMP-2, and NO) in rats with neuropathic pain | [61] |
| Genistein | ↓ colonic production of IL-1β and IFN-γ associated with the TLR4/NF-κB signal | [62] |
| Luteolin | ↓ LPS-triggered secretion and relocation of high mobility group B-1 and LPS-induced production of TNF-α and NO in macrophages | [63] |
| Naringenin | ↓ RANKL-induced activation of NF-κB by suppressing RANKL-mediated IkB-α degradation in RAW264.7 cells | [64] |
| Apigenin | ↓ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3-NF-κB signalling of mice with inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal-associated cancer | [65] |
| Myricitrin | ↓ osteoclastogenesis through the suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway and mitogen-activated MAPK pathways in RAW264.7 cells | [66] |
| Kaempferol | ↓ the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) and the production of IL-8 in AGS cells | [67] |
| Quercetin | ↓ the production of NO, IL-6, MCP-1, IP-10, RANTES, GM-CSF, G-CSF, TNF-α, leucocytes inhibitory factors, LIX, and vascular endothelial growth factors as well as calcium-STAT pathway in dsRNA-induced RAW 264.7 cells | [68] |
|
