Preventive Effect of Naringin on Metabolic Syndrome and Its Mechanism of Action: A Systematic Review

Table 1

Association between naringin and Mets.

Tittle of study/year	Type of study/ Type of disease	Dosage of naringin (mg/kg)	Duration	Results
DPP-IV inhibitory potential of naringin: An in silico, in vitro and in vivo study (2012)	In silico, In vitro, In vivo study & hyperglycemia	40mg/kg	10 days	(i) In vivo: Naringin significantly decreased random glucose concentrations, TBARS in pancreatic tissue and non-significantly decreased fasting serum concentrations, pancreatic nitrate concentrations.
Up-regulation of PPAR, heat shock protein-27 and -72 by naringin attenuates insulin resistance, -cell dysfunction, hepatic steatosis and kidney damage in a rat model of type 2 diabetes (2011)	Animal study & hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress,	50 mg/kg & 100mg/kg	28 days	(i) Naringin corrected impaired glucose utilization, insulin insensitivity, reduced β-cell function, decreased TC, TAG, LDL, NEFA, significantly increased HDL, repaired injured pancreatic islet cells, decreased TBARS levels and increased SOD, GSH-Px activities in serum/pancreas/liver/kidney, reduced (TNF-α), (IL-6), (CRP) and increased adiponectin.; (ii) Naringin significantly increased expression of PPAR in liver & kidney, (P-IRS1) in liver, (HSP-72) & (HSP-27), (NF-KB) in pancreas/liver/kidney.
Antihyperglycemic and antilipidperoxidative effects of flavonoid naringin in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats (2010)	Animal study & hyperglycemia, oxidative stress	80 mg/kg	42 days	(i) Naringin significantly retained the decreased in level of blood glucose with significant increase in level of insulin, significantly lowered TBARS level and normalised the lower levels of plasma GSH, vitamin C and vitamin E.
Effect of naringin on hemodynamic changes and left ventricular function in renal artery occluded renovascular hypertension in rats. (2014)	Animal study & hypertension, oxidative stress	80 mg/kg	4 weeks	(i) Naringin significantly increased the heart rate at 15, 30, 45 and 90 mins.; (ii) Naringin significantly reinstated systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 mins and lessened the mean arterial blood pressure and diastolic pressure (LEVDP) at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 mins.; (iii) Naringin significantly increased renal SOD & GSH and decreased in levels of MDA.
Preventive effects of hesperidin, glucosyl hesperidin and naringin on hypertension and cerebral thrombosis in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (2012)	Animal study & Hypertension	250 mg/kg, 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg	4 weeks	(i) Naringin significantly suppressed the increase in systolic blood pressure.; (ii) Ingestion of naringin significantly increased the lowered levels NO metabolites.
Protective effect of rutin and naringin on sperm quality in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 1 diabetic rats (2010)	Animal study & Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress	10 mg/kg	46 days	(i) Naringin treatment had no effect on fasting blood glucose levels.; (ii) Naringin significantly decreased the elevated levels of MDA, increased the lowered levels of SOD & CAT.
The citrus flavanone naringin enhances antioxidant status in the albino rat liver treated with doxorubicin (2016)	Animal study & Oxidative stress	2 mg/kg	NIL	(i) Naringin significantly alter the concentration of SOD and reduced the rate of lipid peroxidation.; (ii) Naringin treatment did not significantly alter the GSH, GST, CAT concentrations.
Naringin reversal of some aspects of diabetic nephropathy in rats type 1 streptozotocin induced diabetes (2015)	Animal study & hyperglycemia	50 mg/kg	56 days	(i) Naringin significantly improved weight gain, decreased fasting blood glucose, improved plasma insulin secretion, increased hepatic glycogen content, reduced the MDA and increased SOD concentrations.
Antidiabetic effects of Hesperidin and naringin in type 2 diabetic rats (2012)	Animal study & hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia,	50 mg/kg	30 days	(i) Naringin improved the elevated OGTT at 30, 60, 90, 120 mins.; (ii) Naringin significantly increased the fasting serum insulin, improved altered level of HbA1c, increased level of HOMA-IR, increased hepatic & muscle glycogen content, reduced TC, TAG, LDL, VLDL, FFA levels, increased HDL levels and reduced the enzyme activity of HMG-CoA and showed significant improvement of serum adiponectin concentrations.
Upregulation of PPAR mediates the antidiabetic effects of citrus flavonoids in type 2 diabetic rats. (2012)	Animal study & hyperglycemia	50 mg/kg b.wt.	4 weeks	(i) Treatment with naringin improved OGTT of elevated values at all points.; (ii) Naringin significantly improved the altered level of HbA1c, increased serum insulin levels, decreased the elevated levels of HOMA-IR and increased the down-regulation of PPAR, adiponectin levels as well as decreased the resistin levels.
Naringin improves diet-induced cardiovascular dysfunction and obesity in high carbohydrate, high fat diet-fed rats (2013)	Animal study & Obesity, hypertension, oxidative stress	100 mg/kg	8 weeks	(i) Naringin reduced retroperitoneal abdominal fat deposition, attenuated the increase in abdominal circumference, reduced plasma lipid concentrations, improved OGTT, normalised the insulin levels and liver weight.; (ii) Naringin reduced systolic blood pressure, normalised LVIDd, normalised liver weight, plasma AST, ALT, reduced inflammation and fat droplets.
The effect of naringin on plasma lipid profile, and liver and intramuscular fat contents of fattening lambs. (2011)	Animal study & hyperlipidemia	1.5 g/kg	7 weeks	(i) Naringin administration significantly reduced plasma TAG and cholesterol
Naringin at a nutritional dose modulates expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and inflammation in liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. (2012)	Animal study & hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia	100 mg/kg	8 weeks	(i) Naringin significantly increased TC and TG liver contents, normalised insulinemia without modification in glycaemia and HOMA index showed significant improvement in insulin-resistance.
Naringin ameliorates atherogenic dyslipidemia but not hyperglycemia in rats with type 1 diabetes. (2012)	Animal study & obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia	50 mg/kg	45 days	(i) Naringin treatment improved body mass, lowered plasma LDL, increased plasma HDL, reduced atherogenic index, reduced hepatic TAG & TC levels and the enzyme activity of HMG-CoA & ACAT was reduced.; (ii) Naringin did not have a significant effect on the fasting blood glucose and on the glucose intolerance.
Hesperidin and naringin attenuate hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine production in high fat fed/streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats. (2012)	Animal study & hyperglycemia, oxidative stress	50 mg/kg	4 weeks	(i) Naringin significantly improved the elevated levels blood glucose & HbA1c, increased serum insulin levels, decreased HOMA-IR levels, increased the levels of vitamin C, E & GSH, reduced the elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6.
Grapefruit derived flavonoid naringin improves ketoacidosis and lipid peroxidation in type 1 diabetes rat model. (2016)	Animal study & hyperglycemia, oxidative stress,	50 mg/kg	42 days	(i) Naringin significantly improved the weight loss in diabetic rats, increased the reduced hepatic glycogen content, reduced plasma MDA concentration, reduced the elevated levels of serum acetoacetate (AcAc), reduced the levels of serum β-hydroxybutyrate (3-HB).
Naringin mitigates cardiac hypertrophy by reducing oxidative stress and inactivating c-JUN Nuclear Kinase-1 protein in type 1 diabetes. (2016)	Animal study & hyperglycemia, oxidative stress	50 mg/kg	56 days	(i) Naringin significantly showed reduction in the FBG, increased in plasma insulin, improvement in body weight, reduced plasma and cardiac MDA & carbonyl protein concentrations, increased SOD activity, decreased GPx activity.
Naringin reduces hyperglycemia-induced cardiac fibrosis by relieving oxidative stress. (2016)	Animal study & oxidative stress,	50 mg/kg	56 days	(i) Naringin treatment significantly reduced the activity of NADPH oxidase, increased cytosolic SOD, CuZn activity by 65%, reduced in the elevated levels of plasma and cardiac AOPP,
Naringin ameliorates metabolic syndrome by activating AMP-activated protein kinase in mice fed a high-fat died (2012)	Animal study & Obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, oxidative stress	200 mg/kg	10 weeks	(i) Naringin significantly reduced Lee’s index, liver weight, liver index, visceral fat weight, visceral fat index, weight, decreased fasting blood glucose and reduced serum insulin, decreased the levels of TNF-α and leptin, increased levels of adiponectin, decreased LDL and TC and increased HDL significantly.; (ii) Naringin significantly decreased liver TC but did not alter liver TG and increased levels of SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, GSH, T-AOC & reduced levels of MDA.