The Possible Therapeutic Effects of Some Medicinal Plants for Chronic Cough in Children

Table 1

Anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxant effects of Z. multiflora.

Extract	Doses	Model of study	Effects	Reference
Aqueous ethanolic	0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 mg/ml, p.o.	Guinea pigs model of COPD	Improved the levels of IL-8, total WBC number, and lymphocytes percentage	[41]
	0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/ml	Guinea pigs model of COPD	Improved tracheal responsiveness (TR) and emphysema	[42]
	0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/ml, p.o.	Guinea pigs model of asthma	Reduced tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and OVA, serum levels of NO, nitrite, and PLA2	[43]
	0.2, 0.8 and 1.4 g/kg, i.p.	Mice model of paw inflammation	Inhibited acute inflammation	[44]
	0.2, 0.8 and 1.4 g/kg, i.p.	Rat model of paw inflammation	Inhibited chronic inflammation	[44]
Aqueous ethanolic and essential oil	500 and 900 and essential oil 0.3 ml/kg, i.p.	Tail flick test	Showed anti-inflammatory effect	[45]
Aqueous methanolic	400, 600, 900 p.p.m. in drinking water	Albino mice model of bowel inflammation	Reduced score of macroscopic and microscopic characters acetic acid-treated group	[46]
Aqueous ethanolic	5 and 10 mg/kg	SM exposed patients	Reduced inflammatory and oxidant markers, but improved PFT values	[57, 58]
Aqueous ethanolic	Unknown	SM exposed patients	Showed bronchodilatory effects	[48]
Hydroethanolic	0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/ml	Sensitized Guinea pigs	Reduced tracheal responsiveness	[43]
Hydroethanolic	(0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg/ml)	Guinea pigs model of COPD	Relaxed tracheal smooth muscle	[42]
Hydroethanolic	2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL	Tracheal chains	Showed antagonistic effects on muscarinic receptors	[50]
Hydroethanolic	2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL	Tracheal chains	Showed inhibitory effects on histamine (H1) receptors	[51]
Hydroethanolic	2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL	Tracheal chains	Showed stimulatory effects on β2-adrenoceptor receptors	[53]
Hydroalcoholic extract	1 and 2 mg/ml	Ileum smooth muscle	Showed inhibitory effect on voltage dependent calcium channels	[54]
Hydroalcoholic extract	2 mg/ml	Uterus muscle	Showed calcium channels blocking effect	[54]

TR, tracheal responsiveness; NO, nitric oxide; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; PFT, pulmonary function tests; SM, sulfur mustard; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.