Review Article

The Possible Therapeutic Effects of Some Medicinal Plants for Chronic Cough in Children

Table 2

Anti-inflammatory and smooth muscle relaxant effects of P. oleracea.

ExtractDosesModel of studyEffectsReference

Hydroethanolic160 μg/mlLymphocyteIncreased IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, IFN-γ/il-4, and IL-10/il-4 ratios[68]
Aqueous extract100 μg/mlVascular endothelial cellsDecreased mRNA expressions of MCP-1 and IL-8[69]
Ethanol200 μg/mlRAW 264.7 cellsDecreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6[70]
POL-P3b(250 μg/ml)DCsIncreased IL-12 and IL-10[71]
Polysaccharide600 μg/ml, p.o.RatIncreased T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes[72]
PolysaccharideUnknownMiceShowed preventive effect on reduction of the spleen weight and the number of murine spleen T cells[73]
Boiled extract0.25 mg/kgAsthmatic patientsIncreased measured PFTs[76]
Aqueous extracts0.06, 0.12 and 0.25 mg/mlTracheal chains of guinea pigShowed stimulatory effect on β-adrenoceptor[77]
Hydroethanolic0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mlGuinea pigs tracheal smooth musclesShowed blocking effects of muscarinic receptor[78]
Ethanolic extract(250 μg/ml)MiceReduced intestinal motility[83]
Aqueous extract(300 mg/kg/day, po)Mice aortic tissueSuppressed overexpression of (VCAM) -1, (ICAM) - 1, E-selectin and (MMP) -2[84]
Aqueous extract600 μg/ml p.o.Isolated guinea pig ileum stripReduced peristaltic index[85]
Aqueous extract7 × 10−4 g/mlGuinea pig fundus, rabbit jejunum and rabbit aortaShowed relaxant effect on smooth muscle and reduced blood pressure[86]

IL: interleukin, IFN-γ: interferon-gamma, POL-P3b: polysaccharide fraction, MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, NO: nitrogen oxide, IgE: immunoglobulin E, (VCAM) 1: vascular cell adhesion molecule, (ICAM) 1: intracellular cell adhesion molecular, and (MMP) 2: matrix metalloproteinase.