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| Extract | Doses | Model of study | Effects | Reference |
|
| Aqueous ethanolic | 10 μg/ml, 1 and 2 μg/ml | Culture medium of PBMC | Increased IL-1β and IL-4 levels but suppressed the production of IL-8 | [115] |
| Aqueous | 50 μg/ml, 0.5 μg/ml | Human lymphocytes culture | Suppressed lymphocytes response to all mitogens and allogeneic cells, Stimulated lymphocytes response to allogeneic cells, but stimulated the production of IL-1β and IL-3 and increased IL-3 production | [116] |
| Aqueous | 1.25 and 2.50 g/L, p.o | Guinea pigs model of asthma | Decreased the levels of IL-4 and pathological changes, while increased IFN-γ | [117] |
| Aqueous | 0.08 g in drinking water | Sulfur mustard exposed Guinea pigs | Decreased neutrophil numbers and restored IL-4 and IFN-γ levels | [117, 118] |
| N. sativa oil | 5 ml/kg | Mice model of asthma | Decreased Peripheral blood eosinophil count, IgG1 and IgG2a levels, and cytokines including; IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ levels in lung tissue | [119] |
| N. sativa oil | 5 ml/kg intragastrically | Mice model of asthma | Reduced peripheral blood eosinophils and lung inflammation | [120] |
| Main component, TQ | 3 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg i.p. | OVA sensitization mice | Decreased sensitivity of the tracheal smooth muscle by acetylcholine and histamine, cells infiltration, TNF- α, and IL-1β levels in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue homogenates | [121] |
| Main component, TQ | 3 mg/kg, i.p. | OVA sensitization mice | Decreased eosinophil count in the lung and increased Th2 cytokines in the BAL fluid, reduced the elevated serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)-E and IgG1, inhibited lung eosinophilic inflammation and mucus-producing goblet cells, inhibited the levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in the BAL fluid | [122] |
| Main component, TQ | 20 and 40 mg/kg, i.p. | Guinea pigs | Showed antitussive effect | [123] |
| Hydroethanolic | 0.08 g daily | Sulfur mustard exposed guinea pigs | Reduced tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and also decreased total and differential WBC count | [124] |
| Hydroethanolic | 0.08 g daily | Sulfur mustard exposed guinea pigs | Decreased tracheal responsiveness and lung inflammation including, percentage of eosinophil and monocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte number | [118] |
| N. sativa seeds | 2 g | Asthmatics and nonasthmatics subjects | Increased FVC in asthmatics’ group and PEFR in nonasthmatics’ group | [125] |
| Capsules | 40–80 mg/kg/day, p.o. | Rhinitis, atopic eczema and asthma | Reduced plasma and urine levels of IgE, eosinophil count, and endogenous cortisol | [126] |
| Supplement | 1 and 2 g/day | Asthma patients | Increased PFT values, including FEF25–75% and FEV1 %, improved PEF, decreased FeNO and serum IgE, and increased serum IFN-gamma | [127] |
| N. sativa seeds | 0.1–3.0 mg/ml | Rabbit jejunum, guinea pig trachea smooth muscle | Induced relaxant effects on carbachol-, histamine- or K(+)-induced contractions in guinea-pig trachea smooth muscle trough calcium channel blocking effects | [128] |
| Aqueous extract | 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g% | Guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle | Showed calcium antagonist effects | [129] |
| Aqueous extract | 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g% | Guinea pigs isolated trachea chain | Showed relaxant effect by stimulatory effect on β2- adrenoceptors | [130] |
| Aqueous extract | 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 g% | Guinea pig tracheal chains | Showed significant relaxant effects | [131] |
| Hydroethanolic extract | 0.125 and 0.250 mg/ml | Guinea pig tracheal chains | Decreased tracheal response to methacholine and ovalbumin, improved WBC cell and eosinophil counts in the lung lavage fluid | [132] |
| Methanolic fractions | 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% | Guinea pig tracheal chains | Showed significant relaxant effects | [133] |
| Aqueous extract | 2–14 mg/mL | Contractile responses of rat isolated aorta | Showed vasodilator effect | [134] |
| Boiled extract | 50 and 100 mg/kg | Asthmatic patients | Increased all measured PFTs values, bronchodilatory effect | [135] |
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