Effectiveness and Safety of Panax ginseng Extract on Hepatic Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

Table 3

Changes in hepatic function after 12 weeks of treatment.

	GS-KG9 (n = 26)		Placebo (n = 25)		value^1)	Adj. value^2)
	Baseline	12 weeks	Baseline	12 weeks
ALT (IU/L)	64.77 ± 21.13	54.62 ± 23.09	59.28 ± 16.90	64.24 ± 25.40	0.009	0.009
GGT (IU/L)	64.85 ± 42.33	61.00 ± 40.00	62.00 ± 30.48	69.96 ± 42.21	0.038	0.036
AST (IU/L)	40.65 ± 14.93	34.81 ± 12.86	37.04 ± 10.24	36.20 ± 11.27	0.146	0.146
ALP (IU/L)	205.42 ± 48.76	201.81 ± 49.26	210.40 ± 52.81	214.72 ± 58.37	0.248	0.248
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.72 ± 0.32	0.75 ± 0.29	0.86 ± 0.33	0.79 ± 0.25	0.261	0.211

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ¹⁾Analyzed by the independent t-test; ²⁾analyzed by ANCOVA (adjusted for total bilirubin); ; . GS-KG9: Panax ginseng extract; ALT: alanine transaminase; GGT: gamma-glutamyl transferase; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase.