The Effect of Electroacupuncture on Dynamic Balance during Stair Climbing for Elderly Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

Table 2

The temporal-distance, kinematic, and kinetic variables of the hip during descent.

Event	Variables	TEA group (Mean ± SD)		MEA group (Mean ± SD)		Comparisons between groups
		Before	After	Before	After	F value
	Velocity (m/s)	0.49 ± 0.09	0.53 ± 0.05	0.53 ± 0.10	0.53 ± 0.08	1.240	0.273
	Step width (m)	0.12 ± 0.03	0.11 ± 0.03	0.13 ± 0.04	0.12 ± 0.04	0.366	0.549
Hip angle (degree, °)
IC	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	25.63 ± 11.54	20.68 ± 8.64	27.09 ± 7.10	24.72 ± 5.72	2.627	0.115
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	−3.23 ± 6.26	−4.82 ± 4.86	−4.50 ± 5.21	−3.77 ± 5.05	2.327	0.258
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−8.95 ± 9.32	−9.16 ± 7.14	−10.53 ± 6.56	−6.72 ± 6.68	2.491	0.124
MS	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	20.76 ± 9.48	17.63 ± 11.16	26.19 ± 8.86	22.66 ± 7.62	0.319	0.576
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	5.02 ± 3.73	3.25 ± 2.69	4.30 ± 4.00	4.89 ± 3.86	3.123	0.086
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−4.88 ± 9.45	−4.144 ± 9.01	−5.17 ± 7.18	−1.24 ± 7.49	1.661	0.206
TO	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	32.96 ± 11.56	31.40 ± 12.26	38.12 ± 8.42	36.91 ± 8.00	0.750	0.393
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	1.74 ± 5.16	0.36 ± 4.17	2.21 ± 4.46	1.02 ± 5.02	0.095	0.760
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−3.28 ± 7.22	−2.15 ± 7.81	−3.21 ± 7.88	0.62 ± 6.78	1.658	0.207
Hip moment (Nm/kg)
IC	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	0.0546 ± 0.0855	0.0722 ± 0.0945	0.0716 ± 0.0910	0.0909 ± 0.0750	0.047	0.829
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	0.0043 ± 0.0420	0.0142 ± 0.0375	0.0069 ± 0.0509	0.0112 ± 0.0487	0.062	0.805
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	0.0085 ± 0.0182	0.0142 ± 0.0270	0.0060 ± 0.0301	0.0090 ± 0.0224	0.320	0.575
MS	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	−0.2691 ± 0.2224	−0.1629 ± 0.2699	−0.1787 ± 0.2014	−0.1215 ± 0.2197	0.238	0.629
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	−0.7562 ± 0.1457	−0.6554 ± 0.1338	−0.7744 ± 0.2201	−0.7744 ± 0.0956	10.572	0.003
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	−0.1777 ± 0.1128	−0.1296 ± 0.1313	−0.1915 ± 0.0807	−0.1675 ± 0.0807	0.994	0.326
TO	Flex (+)/Ext (−)	0.1324 ± 0.1367	0.1473 ± 0.0962	0.2055 ± 0.0726	0.2041 ± 0.0796	2.309	0.138
	Add (+)/Abd (−)	0.0007 ± 0.0962	0.0184 ± 0.0882	0.0164 ± 0.0869	0.0162 ± 0.0614	0.111	0.742
	Int (+)/Ext (−)	0.0246 ± 0.0433	0.0403 ± 0.0423	0.0020 ± 0.0358	0.0079 ± 0.0267	4.192	0.049
Margin of stability (m)
IC	A/P direction	−0.0769 ± 0.1579	−0.0728 ± 0.1604	−0.0654 ± 0.1498	−0.1088 ± 0.1419	1.009	0.323
	M/L direction	−0.0188 ± 0.1889	−0.0483 ± 0.2012	−0.0728 ± 0.2172	−0.0255 ± 0.2118	0.687	0.413
TO	A/P direction	−0.2328 ± 0.0228	−0.2451 ± 0.0264	−0.2196 ± 0.0681	−0.2107 ± 0.0544	5.199	0.029
	M/L direction	−0.2375 ± 0.0299	−0.2470 ± 0.0333	−0.2212 ± 0.0873	−0.2269 ± 0.0756	1.221	0.277
MS	A/P direction	−0.0186 ± 0.0281	−0.0270 ± 0.0365	−0.0255 ± 0.0351	−0.0243 ± 0.0365	0.292	0.593
	M/L direction	−0.0687 ± 0.0895	−0.0881 ± 0.1024	−0.0858 ± 0.1010	−0.0656 ± 0.0956	1.259	0.270
MIN	A/P direction	−0.2493 ± 0.0271	−0.2597 ± 0.0322	−0.2537 ± 0.0350	−0.2519 ± 0.0259	1.456	0.236
	M/L direction	−0.2639 ± 0.0253	−0.2765 ± 0.0237	−0.2347 ± 0.1242	−0.2726 ± 0.0262	0.317	0.577