Botanical and Traditional Uses and Phytochemical, Pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic, and Toxicological Characteristics of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen: A Review

Table 1

Pharmacological effects of ZS.

Pharmacological effects	Detail	Extracts/compounds	Results	In vitro/in vivo	Ref.
Effect on the central nervous system	Improving dysmnesia	Flavonoids	Latent period↑, erroneous times↓, time of electric shock↓	In vivo	[32]
		Ethanolic extract	Passive avoidance task↑, Y-maze task↑, Morris water maze task↑, ERK-CREB-BDNF↑, NMDA↑	In vivo	[33]
		Water extract	Passive avoidance task↑, Y-maze task↑	In vivo	[34]
		Decoction	Step down test↑, Morris water maze task↑	In vivo	[35]
		ZS oil	Passive avoidance task↑, Morris water maze task↑	In vivo	[36]
		Jujubosides	5-HT↑, MT↑, MTR↑, Tau protein↓	In vivo	[37]
	Analgesic effects	Water extract	Pain threshold↑	In vivo	[38]
	Analgesic effects	Decoction	Spontaneous activity↓; sleep time↑; convulsion; ↓	In vivo	[39, 40]
		Total alkaloids, cyclopeptide and alkaloid	Latent period of convulsion↑; dying time↑	In vivo	[41]
		Jujuboside A	Hyperactivity of hippocampal CA1 area↓	In vitro	[42]
		Jujuboside A	Release of glutamate and intracellular Ca^2+↓	In vivo	[43]
Effect on the cardiovascular system	Antihypertensive effects	Total saponins	Tail artery blood pressure↓	In vivo	[44, 45]
	Antihyperlipoidemia effects	Total saponins	TC, LDL, TG ↓; H/L↑	In vivo	[46]
		ZS oil	TC, LDL, TG ↓; H/L↑	In vivo	[47, 48]
	Improving myocardial ischemia	Total saponins	Infarcted area↓, S-T piece and T wave value↓	In vivo	[49]
		Total saponins	T wave value↓	In vivo	[50]
		Ethanol extract	Myocardial ischemic rats↓	In vivo	[51]
	Alleviating myocardial reperfusion injure	Jujuboside A	Bcl-2/Bax↑, cytochrome C↓, caspase-3↓	In vitro	[52]
	Antiarrhythmic effects	Water extract	Occurrence of Arrhythmic↑, mouse survival time↑, ventricular fibrillation↓	In vivo	[53]
		Ethanol extract	Recovered sinus rhythm time↓	In vivo	[51]
	Improving hypoxia tolerance	Decoction	Oxygen consumption of brain tissue↓	In vivo	[54]
	Antiplatelet aggregation	Total saponins	Platelet aggregation↓, TXB2↓	In vitro	[55]
		Methanol extract	GABAA receptor subunits and glutamic acid decarboxylase↑	In vivo	[56]
Sedative and hypnotic effects	Prolonging the sleep time	Total saponins, total flavonoids	Spontaneous activity↓, sleeping rate↑	In vivo	[57]
		ZS oil	Spontaneous activity↓, sleeping time↑, sleeping number↑, sleeping latency↓	In vivo	[58]
		Flavonoids and saponins	Spontaneous activity↓, sleeping time↑	In vivo	[59]
		Alkaloids	Sleeping time↑	In vivo	[60]
		Decoction	Spontaneous activity↓, sleep time↑, convulsion; ↓	In vivo	[39]
		ZS oil	Sleeping rate↑, sleeping time↑	In vivo	[61]
		Water extract	Sleeping time↑	In vivo	[62]
		Total extract	Spontaneous activity↓, sleeping time↑	In vivo	[63]
		Jujuboside A	Total time of sleep during the day and night↑	In vitro	[64]
		Water extract	Activity times↓, stand-up times↓	In vivo	[38]
Antianxiety and antidepressant effects	Antianxiety effects	Decoction	c-Fos protein↓	In vivo	[65]
		Decoction	Food and water intake↓, weight↑, T3↓, T4↓, TSH↑	In vivo	[66]
		Alcohol extract	GABA↑, GABAAR1↑, Glu↓, NMDAR1↓	In vivo	[67]
		Alcohol extract	Sleeping time↑, locomotor activity↓	In vivo	[68]
	Antidepressant effects	Decoction, polysaccharide, alkaloid	Immobility time↓, SOD↑, MDA↓	In vivo	[69]
		Total flavonoids	Immobility time↓	In vivo	[70]
		Total saponins	Immobility time↓	In vivo	[71]
		Total alkaloids	Immobility time↓	In vivo	[72]
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects	Anti-inflammatory effects	Water extract	Capillary permeability↓, foot swelling↓, granulation tissue proliferation↓	In vivo	[73]
	Antioxidant effects	ZS oil	TAC↑, O2•^-↑, •OH↑, DDPH↑, ALP↑, MDA↓, GSH-Px↑	In vitro	[64]
		Total flavonoids	Scavenging ability for DPPH and ABTS + radicals↑, reduce potassium ferricyanide↑	In vitro	[74]
Other pharmacological effects	Immunomodulatory activity	Ethanol extract	Appetite↑, body weight↑, IF↑, DH↓	In vivo	[75]
		Ethanol extract	Interferon-gamma↑, interleukin-4↑	In vivo	[76]
		Polysaccharide	NO↑, COX-2↑, iNOS↑, p-IκB-α↑, p-ERK↑	In vitro	[77]
	Preventing and treating of cancer	ZS oil	Body weight↓, survival time↑	In vivo	[78]
	Antiaging effects	Decoction	SOD↑	In vivo	[79]
	Protecting kidney	Flavonoid suspension	HepG2↓	In vitro	[80, 81]
	Neuroprotective effects	6‴-Feruloylspinosin	ROS↓, p62↓, pink1/parkin ↑	In vitro	[82]