Effects of Manual Therapy and Mechanical Massage on Spinal Alignment, Extension Range of Motion, Back Extensor Electromyographic Activity, and Thoracic Extension Strength in Individuals with Thoracic Hyperkyphosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 3
Outcome measure changes before intervention versus after intervention by group.
Manual therapy
Mechanical massage
Before intervention, mean ± SD
After intervention, mean ± SD
Effect size
Before intervention, mean ± SD
After intervention, mean ± SD
Effect size
Spinal posture
Thoracic kyphosis(º)
40.88 ± 5.65
35.57 ± 7.32
0.001
0.812
43.43 ± 6.76
39.11 ± 6.74
0.003
0.640
Lumbar lordosis(º)
55.65 ± 9.88
53.55 ± 8.44
0.151
0.229
53.99 ± 9.00
54.41 ± 8.51
0.767
0.048
Extension range of motion
Thoracic extension(º)
31.91 ± 8.95
21.88 ± 12.40
≤0.001
0.928
34.77 ± 7.61
29.42 ± 7.84
0.002
0.692
Lumbar extension(º)
52.93 ± 10.55
48.36 ± 13.86
0.195
0.371
56.64 ± 9.91
57.30 ± 9.41
0.510
0.068
Muscle activity
Longissimus thoracis (%MVIC)
0.31 ± 0.10
0.26 ± 0.08
0.046
0.552
0.29 ± 0.13
0.23 ± 0.07
0.020
0.575
Iliocostalis lumborum pars thoracis (%MVIC)
0.37 ± 0.10
0.37 ± 0.10
0.962
0
0.36 ± 0.11
0.33 ± 0.08
0.255
0.312
Iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum (%MVIC)
0.50 ± 0.12
0.47 ± 0.93
0.313
0.045
0.53 ± 0.14
0.48 ± 0.14
0.045
0.357
Strength (kgf)
30.18 ± 12.73
47.44 ± 15.49
≤0.001
1.217
34.91 ± 20.13
55.30 ± 24.45
≤0.001
0.910
MVIC, maximum voluntary isometric contraction; SD, standard deviation. .
