Coloring Activities for Anxiety Reduction and Mood Improvement in Taiwanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Study

Table 3

Least square-adjusted means of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Anxiety Scale (STAI-S) for the control, mandala coloring, plaid pattern drawing, and free-form drawing groups at postanxiety induction and postintervention.

Time	Anxiety level, least square-adjusted mean (95% confidence interval)					Partial eta-squared
	Control	Mandala coloring	Plaid pattern coloring	Free-form color drawing
T2^1	35.1 (31.4–38.9)	41.2 (37.0–45.3)	39.8 (35.8–43.8)	40.8 (36.5–45.0)	0.088	0.058
T3^2	36.0 (32.9–39.2)^a	28.2 (24.7–31.7)^b	32.6 (29.2–35.9)^a	30.2 (26.5–33.8)^a	0.004	0.113

¹Value shown is the least square-adjusted mean of STAI-S score adjusting for T1 (baseline) STAI-S score, sex, and educational level. ²Value shown is the least square-adjusted mean of STAI-S score adjusting for T2 (postanxiety induction) STAI-S score, sex, and educational level. Least square-adjusted means bearing different superscript letters differ significantly (Šidák post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons, ).