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| Traditional name(s) in pin yin | Botanical source(s) | Material tested: extract/compound | Reported actions relevant to RA |
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| Gan cao, Sheng gan cao, Zhi gan cao | Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch; G. glabra L. (Licorice) | Liquiritin [66], glycyrol [67], glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhetinic acid [68] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [66–68],
(ii) restrained angiogenesis [66],
(iii) down-regulated autoimmune reactions [67],
(iv) enhanced therapeutic effects of NSAIDs/DMARDs [68] |
| Jiang, Sheng jiang, Gan jiang | Zingiber officinale Rosc (Ginger) | Extracts [69, 70], essential oils [71], shogaols, gingerols [70], 6-gingerol [72] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [69–71],
(ii) Inhibited inflammation-associated osteoclast differentiation [72] |
| Dang gui | Angelica sinensis Oliv. Diels | Extract [73], ethyl acetate fraction [74], ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide [75], calycosin [76] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [75],
(ii) Inhibited rheumatoid synovial fibroblast proliferation [74],
(iii) Potential interleukin 6R inhibitor [76],
(iv) Inhibited osteoclast differentiation [73] |
| Shao yao, Bai shao yao, Chi shao yao | Paeonia lactiflora Pall. | Total glucosides [77–80], paeoniflorin [81], paeoniflorin-6′-O-benzene sulfonate [81, 82] | (i) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic [77, 80],
(ii) Prevented bone loss/joint destruction [79, 80],
(iii) Immune regulatory [78, 81], (iv) Inhibited synovial hypertrophy and neovascularization [80],
(v) enhanced effects of methotrexate [82] |
| Fang feng | Saposhnikovia divaricata Turcz. Schischk1 | Extract [83], chromone extract [84], chromones: divaricatol, ledebouriellol and hamaudol [85], polysaccharide [86] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [83, 84, 86],
(ii) Analgesic [85, 87],
(iii) Immunomodulatory [87] |
| Gui zhi, Rou gui | Cinnamomum cassia Presl | Extracts [88–90], cinnamic acid [90], cinnamomulactone [91] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [90],
(ii) Anti-arthritic, reduces joint swelling [88],
(iii) Inhibitory activity against matrix metalloproteinases [91],
(iv) Improved clinical symptoms and inflammatory markers [89] |
| Ma huang | Ephedra sinica Stapf, other Ephedra spp. | Polysaccharides [92, 93] | (i) Anti-inflammatory, immuno-suppressive [92, 93] |
| Bai zhu | Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz | Extract [94], atractylone [95], atractylenolide I [94], atractylenolide III [96], Sesquiterpenoids [97]; three new compounds [98] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [94–98] |
| Chuan xiong, xiong qiong | Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. | Ligustrazine [99], Z-ligustilide, senkyunolide A [100], ligustilides [101] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [100, 101],
(ii) reduced bone cortex erosion when combined with leflunomide [99] |
| Qiang huo | Notopterygium incisum Ting | Extract [102], volatile compounds [103], polyacetylenes [104], notopterol [105] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [103, 104, 106],
(ii) Analgesic [105],
(iii) reduced swelling [102],
(iv) Anti-angiogenic [103] |
| Fu ling, Fu shen, Chi fu ling | Poria cocos Schw. Wolf | Polysaccharides [107, 108], pachymic acid, dehydrotumulosic acid [109] triterpenoids [110] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [108–110], (ii) Immunomodulatory [107, 109] |
| Niu xi, Huai niu xi, Chuan niu xi | (1). Achyranthes bidentata Bl; A. aspera L.;
(2). Cyathula officinalis Kuan | (1). Extracts [111, 112], polysaccharide [113];
(2). Extract [114] | (1). anti-inflammatory [111, 112],
(i) Analgesic [111],
(ii) Suppressed osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption [113];
(2). down-regulated matrix metalloproteinase-13,
(i) Chondroprotective [114] |
| Wu tou, Chuan wu, Cao wu, Fu zi | Aconitum carmichaelii Debx; A. kusnezoffii Reichb.3 | Extracts [115–118], alkaloids [119], benzoylaconitine [120] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [115, 117, 120],
(ii) Analgesic [116, 118, 119] |
| Huang qi | Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao | Extracts [121, 122], astragalosides [123], astragaloside IV [124], astragalus glycoprotein [125], polysaccharides [126, 127] | (i) Anti-inflammatory [121–124, 126, 127],
(ii) Analgesic [122],
(iii) enhanced autophagy [126],
(iv) enhanced synovial apoptosis [127],
(v) Improved pathological state of synovial membranes [125] |
| Fang ji, Han fang ji, mu fang ji | (1). Stephania tetrandra S. Moore;
(2). Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehd. & Wils.4 | (1). Extract [128, 129], tetrandrine [130–132];
(2). Sinomenine [133–138] | (1). -anti-inflammatory [128, 131],
(i) Antifibrosis [128],
(ii) Immuno-suppressive [130],
(iii) Suppressed excessive granulocyte activation [129],
(iv) Inhibited migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes [132],
(v) Ameliorated arthritis symptoms [131];
(2). - anti-inflammatory [133, 134, 138],
(i) reduced arthritis symptoms [137],
(ii) reduced cartilage damage [133, 134],
(iii) reduced bone erosion [134],
(v) Inhibited angiogenesis [134],
(vi) Antinociceptive [135, 136] |
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