Suppression of Inflammatory and Fibrotic Signals by Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and Cinnamaldehyde in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Overactive Bladder in Mice

Figure 4

Effects of CNP and CNA on changes in markers of muscarinic receptors (M2 and M3), inflammation (CD11b), and inflammatory signaling proteins (pp65 NFκB, TLR4, and MIF) in cyclophosphamide- (CYP-, 300 mg/kg) induced OAB mice 24 hours after CYP induction. Typical confocal images from bladder slices of animal groups described in Figure 3 show changes in (a) M2 (green, G), (b) M3 (green, G), and CD11b (red, R), and DAPI (blue, B) (a marker for nuclei), (c) colocalization of CD11b (green, G) with pp65NFκB (red, R), and (d) colocalization of TLR4 (green, G) with MIF (red, R). Arrows indicate leukocyte (CD11b) colocalization with M2 (A), CD11b infiltration within lamina propria around M3 (B), and CD11b colocalized with pp65NFκB (C), or colocalization of TLR4 with MIF (D). Statistical results of positive stain area (%) of whole image, such as M2 or M3 in urothelium (M2/U or M3/U) or colocalization (%) of CD11b/pp65NFκB and MIF/TLR4 of whole images. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5). ^†, compared with control or CYP + Veh group, respectively, by one-way ANOVA followed by S-N-K post hoc t-test for multiple comparisons.

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