Suppression of Inflammatory and Fibrotic Signals by Cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) and Cinnamaldehyde in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Overactive Bladder in Mice

Table 1

Summary of histological changes in bladder in the CYP-induced OAB experimental groups.

	Control	CYP + Veh^†	CYP + CNP	CYP + CNA	CYP + Soli.
Hem. C.	0.0 ± 0.0	3.0 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.4
D. & F.	0.0 ± 0.0	3.0 ± 0.0	0.8 ± 0.2	1.6 ± 0.2	2.2 ± 0.2

Tissue structure of the bladder arranged in disorder with fragmentation and empty spaces (D. & F.) in damaged areas including detrusor (D), lamina propria (L), and urothelium (U), and hemorrhage cystitis (Hem. C.) (Figure 3) were scored as negative (0), slight (1), moderate (2), and severe (3) by three investigators who were blind to animal groups. Animal groups: (1) a sham control group without cyclophosphamide (CYP) induction (control); (2) cinnamon powder (CNP) (at 600 mg/kg, 30 min after CYP induction, p.o.) treatment group with CYP (CYP + CNP); (3) cinnamaldehyde (CNA) (at 50 mg/kg, 30 min after CYP induction, p.o.) treatment group with CYP (CYP + CNA); (4) solifenacin (at 50 mg/kg, 30 min after CYP, p.o.) treatment group with CYP (CYP + Soli.); and (5) vehicle (normal saline with 0.1% of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) group with CYP (CYP + Veh). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5). ^†, , compared with control or CYP + Veh, respectively, by one-way ANOVA followed by S-N-K post hoc t-test for multiple comparisons.