Effects of Allium cepa and Its Constituents on Respiratory and Allergic Disorders: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence

Table 3

The preventive effects of A. cepa and its constituents on asthma.

Study type	Study design	Preparations	Dose	Effects	Ref.
Exp	Murine model of asthma	A. cepa extract	10, 100, or 1000 μg/mL, orally	Decreased recruitment of eosinophils and their activation in the lungs	[30]
	OVA-sensitized rat	A. cepa aqueous extract	150 and 300 mg/kg b.w.	Decreased cellular infiltration and lung inflammation	[17]
	OVA-sensitized rat	A. cepa aqueous extract	150 and 300 mg/kg	Decreased eosinophil and lymphocyte counts in blood and the BALF; inflammation was reduced	[91]
	BT-sensitized A/J mice	Qt	3.5, 7.5, and 15 μg/ml	Reduced total number of cells in the BALF; anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects	[30]
	OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice	Isoquercitrin and Qt	15 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg	Decreased blood neutrophils, lung homogenate IL-5, and eosinophilic inflammation	[112]
	Airway epithelial cells	Qt	0.1–25 μM, orally	Decreased airway epithelial cell, IL-8, and MCP-1 expression by attenuating signaling through a PI-3 kinase/Akt/NF-κB pathway; inhibited chemokine expression	[136]
	OVA-sensitized guinea pigs	Qt	20 mg/kg	Decreased TR	[60]
Clin	Asthmatic patients	A. cepa extract	—	Improved clinical symptoms	[128]
	Asthmatic adult	A. cepa extract	15 mg/kg/day	Improved clinical symptoms; no effect on the Th17 cell count	[148]
	Asthmatic patients	Kaempferol	—	Reduced asthmatic attacks, improved FPT and ACT score	[126]
	Asthmatic patients	Thiosulfinates	500 mg	Improved FPT and ACT score; increased FEF 25–75% and FEV 1% and IFN-γ; decreased FeNO and IgE	[86, 142]
	Asthmatic patients	Kaempferol	0.90 ± 0.07 μg/L	Reduced asthmatic attacks; increased FVC and FEV1%	[149]

Ref.: references, Exp: experimental, Clin: clinical, TSM: tracheal smooth muscle, OVA: ovalbumin, TQ: thymoquinone, Cch: carbachol, Qt: quercetin, BALF: bronchoalveolar fluid, BT: Blomia tropicalis, [MCP]-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein, TR: tracheal responsiveness, FEV: forced expiratory volume, IFN-γ: interferon gamma, and FVC: forced vital capacity.