Role of Blood Stasis Syndrome of Kampo Medicine in the Early Pathogenic Stage of Atherosclerosis: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Table 2

Patient characteristics of the NBS group and BS syndrome group (n = 41).

Variables	Units	NBS group (n = 19)	BS syndrome group (n = 22)	value
Age	Years	64.2 ± 12.9	70.9 ± 10.6	0.06^a
Sex	Male/female	5/14	12/10	0.07^b
BMI	kg/m^2	22.6 ± 3.8	24.4 ± 3.5	0.13^a
SBP	mmHg	128.4 ± 19.3	134.5 ± 19.3	0.33^a
DBP	mmHg	74.3 ± 8.8	70.4 ± 13.6	0.30^a
Smoking	Yes/no	5/14	9/13	0.33^b
Hypertension	Yes/no	8/11	13/9	0.28^b
DLP	Yes/no	3/16	12/10	<0.05^b
Cardiovascular disease	Yes/no	1/18	3/19	0.37^b
Cerebrovascular disease	Yes/no	3/16	4/18	0.84^b
IGT	Yes/no	8/11	18/4	<0.01^b
Diabetic complications
Neuropathy	Yes/no	1/18	2/20	0.64^b
Retinopathy	Yes/no	0/19	2/20	0.18^b
Nephropathy	Yes/no	0/19	2/20	0.18^b
Antithrombotic drug	Yes/no	8/11	13/9	0.28^b
ABI		1.10 ± 0.08	1.04 ± 0.11	0.07^a
CAVI		8.4 ± 1.5	9.2 ± 1.2	0.07^a
FMD	%	4.9 ± 1.4	3.3 ± 1.7	<0.01^a

NBS: non-blood stasis; BS: blood stasis; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DLP: dyslipidemia; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; ABI: ankle-brachial index; CAVI: cardioankle vascular index; FMD: flow-mediated dilation. ^aComparison between the groups by Student’s t-test. ^bComparison between the groups by Pearson’s chi-squared test. Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation.