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| Cancer cells | Extracts (plant parts, solvent, fractionation) | Current anticancer drug | Biological activities | Reference |
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| A total of 23 human cancer cell lines: | (i) Polar leaf extract (LP), nonpolar leaf extract (LN), polar stem extract (SP), and nonpolar stem extract (SN) of CN | Gemcitabine | (i) AsPC1, BxPC3 and SW1990 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines were found to be the most sensitive to SN extract | Hii et al., 2019 |
| (i) Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, HCC38) | | | (ii) Addition of SN extract can reduce the dose of gemcitabine in PDAC |
| | | | (iii) Drug combination can potentiate the killing activity of gemcitabine to PDAC by apoptosis (increase in Bax expression; decrease in Bcl-2, cIAP2, and XIAP expression) in SW1990 and BxPC3 cells |
| (ii) Colon cancer cells (HCT-116, HT29, SW48, Caco2) | | | (iv) The killing activity is independent of the TRAIL-4 expression |
| (iii) Lung cancer cells (A549, NCI-H1299, NCI-H23, Calu-1) |
| (iv) Endometrial cancer cells (AN3-CA, HEC-1-A, HEC-1-B, RL95–2) |
| (v) Nasopharyngeal, cancer cells (CNE-1, HK1, SUNE1, TWO1) |
| (vi) Human pancreatic ductal adenoma, PDAC (AsPC1, BxPC3, SW1990, Panc 10.05). |
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| Human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) | Methanol extract (MCN) and aqueous extract (WCN) of CN | Cisplatin | (i) Cytotoxicity to MCF-7 : MCN > WCN | Abd Mutalib et al., 2019 |
| | | | (ii) Both extracts showed strong antagonism when used in combination with cisplatin |
| | | | (iii) Only combined treatment of cisplatin with high concentration of MCN is additive (combination index = 1) against cancer cells |
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