DNA Methylation in Atherosclerosis: A New Perspective

Table 3

Herbal formulations regulate the methylation status of AS-related genes.

Formulation	Components	Target genes	Category of methylation effect	Mechanism of regulating DNA methylation	Model	Diseases	In vitro/in vivo	Reference
Liuwei Ihuang pill	Shu Di Huang, Shan Zhu Yu, Fu Ling, Shan Yao, Mu Dan Pi, and Ze Xie	ERα	Hypomethylation	DNMT1↓	Hcy-induced apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells; postmenopausal AS model	AS	In vitro/in vivo	[13]
Sanhuang Xiexin Tang	Da Huang, Huang Qin, and Huang Lian	ERα	Hypomethylation	DNMT1↓	Lipopolysaccharide-treated human aortic smooth muscle cells; aorta from rats under a high-fat diet	AS	In vitro/in vivo	[54]
Shenqi compound	Sheng Dihuang, Huai Shanyao, Shan Zhuyu, Sheng Huangqi, Ren Shen, Dan Shen, Zhi Dahuang, and Tian Huafen	mTOR, Tnfrsf1b, Ppargclα, Tlr5, Alox12, CYP24A1, TCF4, HB-EGF, and Tnfaip8	Hypermethylation		KKAy mice	Diabetes mellitus	In vivo	[55]
Dan Hong injection	Dan Shen and Hong Hua	Atg13	Hypomethylation		ApoE^−/− mice fed with HFD	AS	In vivo	[56]
Shen-Yuan-Dan capsule	Huang Qi, Dang Shen, Dan Shen, Di Long, Shui Zhi, Tu Yuan, Xuan Shen, and Yan Hu Suo	Atg13	Hypomethylation	DNMT1↓	ApoE^−/− mice fed with HFD	AS	In vivo	[57]
Soufeng Qutan Fang	Quan Xie, Wu Gong, Di Long, Chen Pi, Fa Ban Xia, Bai Zhu, Shui Zhi, and Jin Yin Hua	ER and MMP9	Hypermethylation and hypomethylation		Human peripheral blood cells	ACS	Clinical research	[59]
Wen Ban Tang	Quan Xie, Di Long, Chen Pi, Fa Ban Xia, Bai Zhu, Wu Gong, Shui Zhi, and Jin Yin Hua	Thrombomodulin	Hypomethylation		Human peripheral blood cells	ACS	Clinical research	[60]
Yangxin Tongmai Formulation	Ren Shen, Dan Shen, Zhi Shi, Fu Ling, and Gui Zhi	ZEB2	Hypermethylation		Human peripheral blood cells	Coronary heart disease	Clinical research	[61]

High-fat diet (HFD), atherosclerosis (AS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1B (Tnfrsf1b), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Ppargcl α), toll-like receptor 5(Tlr5), arachidonate (12S)-lipoxygenase (Alox12), cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1), transcription factor 4 (TCF4), heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 8 (Tnfaip8), autophagy-related protein 13 (Atg13), estrogen receptor (ER), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2).