Review Article
Alkaloids as Potential Phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2: Approaches to the Associated Pivotal Mechanisms
Table 2
In silico studies of alkaloids with potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity.
| Alkaloid | Chemical structure | Mechanisms of action | Type of study | References |
| (-)-asperlicin C | | 3CLpro inhibitory, blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [70] | 3α,17α-Cinchophylline | | Cathepsin L inhibitor | Molecular docking | [72] | 10-Hydroxyusambarensine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49] | 18-Hydroxy-3-epi-alphayohimbine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] | 6-Acetonyldihydrochelerythrine | | RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [38] | Adlumidine | | TMPRSS2 inhibitors | Molecular docking | [72] | Ajmalicine | | Blocking Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [74] | Allocryptopine | | RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [38] | Alloyohimbine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] | Amaranthin | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [85] | Anisotine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [59] | Asparagamine A | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] | Berberine | | 3CLpro inhibitory, blocking ACE2 and Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [10, 39, 74] | Cadambine | | 3CLpro inhibitory | Molecular docking | [86] | Caffeine | | Blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [83] | Chrysopentamine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49] | Crambescidin 786 | | Blocking Nsp 10 | Molecular docking | [82] | Crambescidin 826 | | Blocking the N proteins | Molecular docking | [82] | Cryptomisrine | | Mpro and RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [50] | Cryptoquindoline | | Mpro and RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49, 50] | Cryptospirolepine | | Mpro and RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [49, 50] | Dihydroergotamine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [63] | Epiisopiloturine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [90] | Ergometrine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [65] | Ergotamine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [63] | Fumigatoside E | | Blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [79] | Indican | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] | Indigo | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] | Indirubin | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] | Nicotine | | Blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [83] | Norquinadoline A | | Blocking ACE2 and PLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [80, 81] | Noscapine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [77] | Noscapine 23B | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [78] | Oriciacridone F | | 3CLpro inhibitory, blocking ACE2 | Molecular docking | [70] | Oxoturkiyenine | | Cathepsin L inhibitor | Molecular docking | [72] | Palmatine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [66] | Papaverine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [65] | Piperine | | ACE2 blocker | Molecular docking | [39] | Protopine | | RdRp inhibitor | Molecular docking | [38] | Pseudojervine | | ACE2 blocker | Molecular docking | [84] | Qingdainone | | Inhibitors of TMPRSS2 | Molecular docking | [72] | Reserpine | | Blocking the Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [74] | Sanguinarine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [66] | Solanidine | | Blocking the S proteins, Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [58] | Sophaline D | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [45] | Sophoridine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [62] | Speciophylline | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [86] | Tabersonine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [66] | Taspine | | Blocking Nsp15 | Molecular docking | [74] | Tetrahydropalmatine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [10] | Thalimonine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [45] | Thebaine | | ACE2 blocker | Molecular docking | [39] | Tryptanthrine | | Mpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [40] | Vincapusine | | 3CLpro inhibitor | Molecular docking | [61] |
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3CLpro: 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, ACE2: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, E proteins: envelope proteins, Mpro: main proteases, NI: not identified, N proteins: nucleocapsid proteins, Nsp15: nonstructural proteins, RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, S proteins: spike proteins, TMPRSS2: transmembrane protease serine 2.
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