Examining the Effects of Brief Mindfulness Training on Athletes’ Flow: The Mediating Role of Resilience

Table 1

Descriptive statistics (M ± SD) of the two groups across preintervention and postintervention and summaries of preintervention independent-sample t-test comparison.

Variables	Brief mindfulness group (n = 29)		Control group (n = 28)		Comparison of preintervention
	Preintervention	Postintervention	Preintervention	Postintervention	t
Observing	24.83 ± 5.35	27.55 ± 4.85	28.29 ± 5.00	27.75 ± 5.16	−2.51	0.015
Describing	24.07 ± 4.41	25.62 ± 3.82	24.86 ± 4.39	24.11 ± 3.44	−0.68	0.502
Acting with awareness	26.69 ± 4.49	25.17 ± 4.38	24.86 ± 5.67	23.61 ± 5.47	1.35	0.183
Nonjudging	20.03 ± 5.24	19.28 ± 4.23	19.64 ± 4.74	20.07 ± 4.68	0.30	0.768
Nonreactivity	19.66 ± 3.58	23.90 ± 4.50	20.86 ± 3.36	22.07 ± 4.39	−1.32	0.192
Mindfulness	115.28 ± 10.97	121.52 ± 9.87	118.50 ± 9.43	117.61 ± 8.37	−1.19	0.239
Challenge skill balance	12.97 ± 2.53	14.10 ± 2.45	14.64 ± 2.78	14.21 ± 3.15	−2.38	0.021
Action awareness	9.52 ± 2.35	10.31 ± 2.04	10.07 ± 2.29	9.57 ± 2.03	−0.90	0.372
Clear goals	11.59 ± 2.26	11.28 ± 2.40	11.57 ± 2.12	11.04 ± 2.15	0.03	0.980
Unambiguous feedback	15.03 ± 2.47	15.07 ± 2.05	15.11 ± 2.20	14.29 ± 2.34	−0.12	0.907
Concentration on task	12.62 ± 2.43	14.03 ± 2.64	13.64 ± 2.21	13.32 ± 2.58	−1.66	0.102
Sense of control	8.90 ± 1.99	9.59 ± 1.35	10.14 ± 1.60	9.61 ± 1.40	−2.61	0.012
Loss self-consciousness	10.62 ± 3.82	11.31 ± 3.80	11.25 ± 2.88	10.57 ± 3.28	−0.70	0.484
Transformation of time	12.76 ± 3.59	13.62 ± 3.59	14.11 ± 3.38	13.50 ± 2.95	−1.46	0.150
Autotelic experience	13.41 ± 2.83	14.24 ± 2.50	15.21 ± 3.00	14.50 ± 3.35	−2.33	0.024
Flow	107.41 ± 11.98	113.55 ± 12.76	115.75 ± 12.86	110.60 ± 14.74	−2.53	0.014
Toughness	41.79 ± 7.01	47.31 ± 7.36	44.04 ± 6.60	45.57 ± 7.03	−1.25	0.219
Strength	28.90 ± 3.68	31.14 ± 4.05	28.57 ± 4.35	29.21 ± 5.41	0.30	0.762
Optimism	13.38 ± 2.58	14.31 ± 2.44	13.61 ± 2.31	13.79 ± 2.50	−0.35	0.727
Resilience	84.07 ± 11.75	92.76 ± 12.45	86.21 ± 11.95	88.57 ± 13.51	−0.68	0.497